Question 1

A limitation of meta-analyses is that

Accepted Answer

Meta-analyses may overestimate the strength of a relationship due to publication bias, where studies with significant findings are more likely to be published than those with non-significant findings.

Question 2

In comparison to lab experiments, field experiments have the advantage of

Accepted Answer

Field experiments have the advantage of increased ecological validity because they are conducted in natural settings, making their findings more generalizable to real-world situations.

Question 3

A researcher who studies the outcomes of prior experiments by statistically analyzing effect size measures is conducting a

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis involves statistically analyzing effect sizes from multiple studies to draw conclusions about the overall effect of a particular intervention or variable.

Question 4

A document that discusses the research in a given area with the goals of summarizing existing findings, making inferences about the conditions under which relationships do and do not occur, linking research to findings in other areas, and suggesting further research is called a

Accepted Answer

A review paper summarizes existing findings in a particular research area, makes inferences about the conditions under which certain relationships occur, links research findings to other areas, and suggests directions for future research.

Question 5

The primary goal of replication is to

Accepted Answer

The primary goal of replication is to determine the extent to which an observed relationship generalizes across different tests of the research hypothesis, ensuring the findings are consistent and reliable across various contexts or with different samples.

Question 6

A disadvantage of using convenience samples, such as college students, is that

Accepted Answer

The findings from studies using convenience samples, such as college students, might not be generalizable to other populations because the sample may not accurately represent the broader population. This lack of representativeness is a key disadvantage of convenience sampling.

Question 7

If a researcher conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of performance enhancing drugs within professional sports, she would be most likely to

Accepted Answer

A meta-analysis involves analyzing data from multiple studies on the same topic to draw broader conclusions, which matches the description of option D.

Question 8

Findings that do not generalize

Accepted Answer

Findings that do not generalize can still be valuable as they offer insights into the limitations of previous research, helping to refine future studies and understand the contexts in which results are applicable.

Question 9

Amalia conducted a study of how the media affects political affiliation. She showed participants a five-minute clip from CNN and then asked them to fill out a political ideology survey. Edward later conducted a similar study but had participants read an article from the Washington Post instead of watching a TV broadcast. Edward's study is an example of a

Accepted Answer

Edward's study is a conceptual replication because it tests the same hypothesis as Amalia's study (how media affects political affiliation) but uses a different method (reading an article vs. watching a TV broadcast).

Question 10

Parr, Kavanagh, Cahill, Young, and Mitchell (2008) conducted a meta-analysis to study the effects of different types of treatments on the success of tranquilizer withdrawal. The dependent measure in this study is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The dependent measure in a meta-analysis that studies the effects of treatments, such as tranquilizer withdrawal, is typically the effect size of the studies. This measure indicates the magnitude of the treatment effect across different studies.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT true about meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

Meta-analyses are considered more objective than narrative literature reviews because they use statistical methods to combine the results of multiple studies, reducing the influence of individual biases.

Question 12

A study involving the effect of physical activity on self-esteem has a p-value of .001 and has correctly ruled out all obvious alternative hypotheses. However, this study cannot be applied to any real-life settings. Thus it can be said to have __________.

Accepted Answer

The study has high internal validity because it has a significant result (p-value of .001) and has ruled out alternative hypotheses, indicating that the study was well-controlled and the results are likely due to the variables being tested. However, it has low external validity because the results cannot be generalized to real-life settings, meaning the findings may not apply outside of the study's specific conditions.

Question 13

Which of the following statistics serves as the dependent variable in a meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

The effect size is typically the dependent variable in a meta-analysis because it quantifies the magnitude of the difference or relationship between variables across studies, allowing for a combined analysis.

Question 14

Inclusion criteria refer to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inclusion criteria refer to which of the...

Question 15

Which of the following serve to make meta-analysis objective?

Accepted Answer

Inclusion criteria ensure that studies are selected based on predefined, objective criteria, reducing bias. Analysis of the effect size statistic provides a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the phenomenon, allowing for objective comparison across studies.

Question 16

Which of the following statistics is used as the dependent measure in a meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

The effect size is used as the dependent measure in a meta-analysis because it quantifies the magnitude of the difference between groups or the strength of relationships in studies, allowing for comparison across studies.

Quiz 13: External Validity