Question 1

Which of the following is the precursor for the eicosanoids?

Accepted Answer

Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, which is a type of fatty acid.

Question 2

The metabolic effects of hormones released during the stress response include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

During the stress response, hormones like cortisol and adrenaline promote gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, to increase blood sugar levels for energy.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones promote glucose production from amino acids during severe stress?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol and glucagon are key hormones that promote gluconeogenesis, the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids, especially during stress. Norepinephrine also plays a role in stress responses.

Question 4

What is the significance of the hormones released during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

The hormones released during the stress response, such as cortisol and adrenaline, promote the release of nutrients from storage to provide energy, and their actions are opposite to those of insulin, which promotes nutrient storage.

Question 5

Betty is a 45-year-old woman who has recently been involved in an automobile accident.Her injuries include a broken leg and two broken ribs.What clinical finding would you expect for this patient?

Accepted Answer

In response to stress from injuries, the body can exhibit hyperglycemia, elevated cortisol levels, and increased fluid and sodium retention as part of the physiological stress response.

Question 6

Louis is a 35- year-old man who has broken his arm and left leg in an automobile accident.In response to his injuries, what hormone-related changes do you expect Louis will experience?

Accepted Answer

In response to injury, the body typically increases metabolic rate to aid in healing and may increase water retention due to stress hormones like cortisol and aldosterone.

Question 7

Which of the following hormones increase(s) water reabsorption by the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption by the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Question 8

As a result of immune and inflammatory responses to stress, all of the following changes occur except

Accepted Answer

Stress responses typically do not include a reduced respiratory rate; instead, they often increase respiratory rate as part of the "fight or flight" response.

Question 9

Ryan takes ibuprofen to decrease the pain and swelling in his knee due to an injury in a basketball game.What is the action of the ibuprofen in decreasing the swelling?

Accepted Answer

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is necessary for the synthesis of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins, that mediate inflammation and swelling.

Question 10

Which of the following hormones promote glycogen breakdown?

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines (such as adrenaline) and glucagon both promote glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) to increase blood glucose levels.

Question 11

After a patient sustains trauma from a car accident, his heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure increase.What is happening?

Accepted Answer

The increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure indicates a physiological response to trauma, which is characteristic of metabolic stress.

Question 12

A disruption to the body's chemical environment that threatens its normal and healthy functioning is called

Accepted Answer

Metabolic stress is a disruption to the body's chemical environment that threatens its normal and healthy functioning.

Question 13

Effects of prolonged elevated cortisol levels include:

Accepted Answer

Prolonged elevated cortisol levels can suppress the immune response and impair the body's ability to heal, leading to delayed wound healing. Additionally, cortisol can stimulate gluconeogenesis and increase blood sugar, making hypoglycemia less likely. Increased protein synthesis is not typically associated with elevated cortisol levels.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a condition that cannot lead to metabolic stress?

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism is a condition related to low thyroid hormone levels and does not typically cause metabolic stress, which is usually triggered by acute physical stressors like wounds, burns, or infections.

Question 15

What is derived from omega-6 fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from omega-6 fatty acids, playing roles in inflammation and other physiological functions.

Question 16

Metabolic stress results in a decrease in _____.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic stress often leads to a decrease in growth as the body prioritizes energy for essential functions over growth processes.

Question 17

Ryan's knee was injured in a basketball game.When he gets home he notices swelling, redness, heat and pain in his knee.What is causing the redness?

Accepted Answer

The redness in Ryan's knee is caused by the dilation of small blood vessels in the injured area, which increases blood flow and causes the area to appear red.

Question 18

Randall is a 54-year-old man who has recently been involved in an accident.His injuries include multiple open wounds and two broken ribs.Inflammatory responses at the injury site would include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Inflammatory responses typically involve increased capillary permeability, not decreased, to allow immune cells and factors to reach the site of injury.

Question 19

In response to metabolic and respiratory stress the body experiences

Accepted Answer

During metabolic and respiratory stress, the body often breaks down muscle mass to provide energy and support vital functions.

Question 20

Cytokines are proteins that help regulate _____ development and activity.

Accepted Answer

Cytokines are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the development and activity of the immune system. They are involved in cell signaling and help modulate the immune response.

Quiz 22: Metabolic and Respiratory Stress