Question 1

The nurse is caring for a child with acute renal failure. Which of the following clinical manifestations should the nurse recognize as a sign of hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia, or high potassium levels in the blood, can lead to cardiac arrhythmias due to its effect on the electrical conductivity of the heart. This is a critical condition that requires immediate attention.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is descriptive of renal transplantation in children?

Accepted Answer

Renal transplantation is considered the preferred means of renal replacement therapy in children because it offers the best quality of life and growth potential compared to dialysis. Children can receive kidneys from both adults and other children, not just from other children, making options A and C incorrect. The statement in D is incorrect because, in fact, a relatively normal lifestyle is possible after transplantation, which is one of the reasons it is preferred.

Question 3

Calcium carbonate is given with meals to a child with chronic renal disease. The purpose of this is to:

Accepted Answer

Calcium carbonate is used in patients with chronic renal disease to bind phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract, which helps to prevent hyperphosphatemia, a common problem in renal failure due to the kidneys' reduced ability to excrete phosphate.

Question 4

When a child has chronic renal failure, the progressive deterioration produces a variety of clinical and biochemical disturbances that eventually are manifested in the clinical syndrome known as:

Accepted Answer

Uremia is the condition that results from the chronic failure of the kidneys to remove waste products and urea from the blood, leading to their accumulation. This condition is a common manifestation of chronic renal failure.

Question 5

Where are Wilms' tumors (nephroblastomas) located?

Accepted Answer

Wilms' tumors, also known as nephroblastomas, are a type of cancer that primarily affects the kidneys, especially in children.

Question 6

Which of the following clinical manifestations would be seen in a child with chronic renal failure?

Accepted Answer

Chronic renal failure can lead to the accumulation of urea and other waste products in the body, which can cause an unpleasant "uremic" breath odor, known as uremic fetor.

Question 7

Which of the following is the primary clinical manifestation of acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

Oliguria, which is the decreased output of urine, is the primary clinical manifestation of acute renal failure. This condition reflects the kidneys' decreased ability to filter and excrete waste products.

Question 8

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children?

Accepted Answer

Severe dehydration is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children, often due to conditions like gastroenteritis leading to significant fluid loss.

Question 9

The nurse is caring for an adolescent who has just started dialysis. The child seems always angry, hostile, or depressed. The nurse should recognize that this is most likely related to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents often resent the control and enforced dependence imposed by dialysis, which can lead to feelings of anger, hostility, or depression as they struggle with the loss of autonomy and the impact on their lifestyle.

Question 10

One of the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure is uremic frost. Which of the following best describes this term?

Accepted Answer

Uremic frost refers to the deposition of urea crystals on the skin, which occurs when urea and other waste products build up in the blood due to kidney failure and are excreted through sweat.

Question 11

Which of the following is an advantage of peritoneal dialysis?

Accepted Answer

Peritoneal dialysis offers the advantage of being manageable by patients or their family members at home, including parents and older children, providing more flexibility and independence compared to treatments that must be done in a hospital setting.

Question 12

The diet of a child with chronic renal failure usually includes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Children with chronic renal failure often require a diet low in phosphorus to help manage their condition, as their kidneys may struggle to remove excess phosphorus from the blood, potentially leading to bone and cardiovascular issues.

Question 13

Which of the following is a major complication in a child with chronic renal failure?

Accepted Answer

In chronic renal failure, the kidneys lose their ability to excrete sodium and water efficiently, leading to water and sodium retention. This can cause fluid overload and contribute to hypertension and edema, which are common complications in chronic renal failure.

Quiz 27: The Child With Genitourinary Dysfunction