Based on comparison of the autonomic nervous systems of different species, Steven Porges (1995, 1998) has made a case for three stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system. According to Porges, the last portion to evolve was the _____________ and it is this system that allows the actions necessary for _____________.

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According to Steven Porges and his Polyvagal Theory, the last portion of the autonomic nervous system to evolve was the ventral vagal complex. This system is associated with the social engagement system and allows for the actions necessary for positive emotions and social interactions.

Based on Comparison of the Autonomic Nervous Systems of Different