Levenson and colleagues employed a directed facial action task to study how autonomic activity corresponds with various facial expressions. Their results challenged:

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Levenson and colleagues' findings challenged Cannon's critique of autonomic specificity, which argued that emotions do not have distinct autonomic patterns. Their research suggested that different facial expressions are associated with specific autonomic responses, supporting the idea of autonomic specificity.

Levenson and Colleagues Employed a Directed Facial Action Task to Study