Question 1

The aim of person-centered therapy is for the client to experience what type of relationship with their therapist?

Accepted Answer

Person-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizes a genuine, non-judgmental, and empathetic relationship between the therapist and the client. This approach is based on the belief that such an environment is conducive to self-exploration and personal growth, allowing clients to find their own solutions to their problems.

Question 2

A paradigm known as affective forecasting was employed by Kawakami et al. (2009) who asked self-identified white and Asian people to predict how they would act upon witnessing a racist act. Kawakami et al. reported that _______________________ the degree to which they would reject a person who behaved in a racist manner.

Accepted Answer

Both white and Asian participants overestimated the degree to which they would reject a person who behaved in a racist manner. This finding suggests that people often predict they will act more ethically or assertively in hypothetical situations than they actually do when confronted with those situations in real life.

Question 3

The observation that we become conscious when the unexpected happens and habit fails suggests that:

Accepted Answer

This observation suggests that consciousness arises as a response to novel or unexpected situations, which could imply that the initial forms of consciousness were closely tied to emotional responses to such situations. Emotions can trigger heightened awareness, suggesting a primitive form of consciousness aimed at dealing with unexpected events.

Question 4

Evidence suggests that __________________ therapy is _______________ therapy.

Accepted Answer

Each statement reflects findings from various studies comparing the effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches. Client-centered therapy, while effective, has been found in some studies to be less effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy for certain conditions. Emotion-focused therapy has been shown to be equally as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy in some research, and more effective than client-centered therapy in others, indicating that the effectiveness of therapy can depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual.

Question 5

Beck (1976, 1979) found that patterns of appraisal that cause anxiety and depression tend to involve evaluations that are:

Accepted Answer

Beck's cognitive theory suggests that anxiety and depression often stem from absolute thinking, such as all-or-nothing or black-and-white thinking, rather than seeing situations in a more nuanced or graded way.

Question 6

Galdi, Arcuri, and Gawronski (2008) assessed residents of Vincenza, a community in which a proposal had been made to enlarge an American Forces base. Residents were evaluated at two points in time, Time 2 being one week after Time 1. The following results were found for residents, who at Time 1, had not decided whether they were for or against the proposal:

Accepted Answer

Automatic associations at Time 1 were found to predict the choice a resident would make at Time 2, as well as their automatic associations at Time 2.

Question 7

Galdi, Arcuri, and Gawronski (2008) assessed residents of Vincenza, a community in which a proposal had been made to enlarge an American Forces base. Residents were evaluated at two points in time, Time 2 being one week after Time 1. The following results were found for residents, who at Time 1, had decided whether they were for or against the proposal:

Accepted Answer

Conscious thoughts at Time 1 were found to predict the choice a resident would make at Time 2, as well as their automatic associations at Time 2.

Question 8

Part of the task of emotion-focused therapy consists of encouraging a fuller experience of:

Accepted Answer

Emotion-focused therapy aims to help individuals experience and understand emotions that they may have previously avoided or not fully allowed themselves to feel. This approach is based on the premise that emotional awareness and expression are fundamental to psychological health.

Question 9

Dialectical-behavioral therapy:

Accepted Answer

Dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT) integrates mindfulness practices with cognitive-behavioral strategies. It is designed to help individuals manage and regulate intense emotions, reduce self-destructive behaviors, and improve relationships. DBT has been particularly effective for treating individuals with borderline personality disorder, many of whom experience suicidal ideation and engage in self-harming behaviors.

Question 10

Turner (1974) has proposed stages through which an emotionally significant event can pass to create a ritual. Which one of the following is the first stage of this process?

Accepted Answer

The first stage in Turner's process for creating a ritual following an emotionally significant event is "a breach of ordinary social relations occurs." This initial disruption sets the stage for the subsequent steps in the process.

Question 11

Transference is:

Accepted Answer

Transference involves the projection of feelings, attitudes, or desires from one's past onto a present person, situation, or object. This concept, originating in psychoanalytic theory, suggests that individuals may unconsciously redirect feelings for one person to another (especially in therapy), making all the provided options correct descriptions of aspects of transference.

Question 12

One could almost say that a ritual is an emotion turned into a public form. The oldest such ritual for which we have evidence is:

Accepted Answer

The oldest ritual for which we have evidence is the funeral. This is supported by archaeological findings that show burial practices and ceremonies dating back tens of thousands of years, indicating the importance of rituals surrounding death in early human societies.

Question 13

According to emotion-focused therapy, there are some emotions that we have learned will help us get what we want. These emotions are known as:

Accepted Answer

Instrumental emotions are those that we have learned can help us achieve our goals or get what we want. They are not necessarily reflective of our true feelings but are used as tools to influence situations or others' responses.

Question 14

Distraction is a regulatory intervention that belongs to which stage, as proposed by Gross, Sheppes, and Urry (2011)?

Accepted Answer

Distraction is considered a form of attentional deployment, where an individual's focus is shifted away from the emotional stimuli to something less emotionally engaging to regulate their feelings.

Question 15

Kallestad et al. (2010) conducted a randomized controlled trial in which cognitive therapy was compared with psychodynamic therapy in 49 patients with personality disorders of the anxious or fearful type. Among those in psychodynamic therapy __________________; whereas among patients assigned to cognitive therapy ________________.

Accepted Answer

In the study by Kallestad et al. (2010), patients undergoing psychodynamic therapy showed an increase in insight, which predicted improvements in symptoms and interpersonal functioning over two years. Conversely, in cognitive therapy, insight did not significantly improve, nor did it predict symptom improvement.

Question 16

Gross, Sheppes, and Urry (2011) propose that emotion regulation occurs at which one of the following stages?

Accepted Answer

Gross, Sheppes, and Urry (2011) propose that emotion regulation can occur at the stage of situational selection, which involves choosing situations based on their emotional impact.

Question 17

When we talk to a friend about an emotion, we narrate a story. Bruner (1986) has contrasted the narrative mode of thinking with what he calls the _______________ mode, which is used in explanations, for instance, in science.

Accepted Answer

Bruner contrasts the narrative mode of thinking with the "paradigmatic" mode. The paradigmatic mode is characterized by logical and analytical thinking, often used in scientific explanations, where the focus is on general principles and the testing of hypotheses through systematic observation and experimentation.

Question 18

An innovative form of psychodynamic therapy that has been pioneered by Fonagy and Luyten (2009) and that is particularly useful for people with borderline personality disorders is called __________. This type of therapy is based on attachment, and helps to promote empathy and theory-of-mind.

Accepted Answer

Mentalizing therapy, also known as Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT), was developed by Fonagy and Luyten specifically to help individuals with borderline personality disorder. It focuses on improving the patient's ability to understand both their own and others' mental states, which is crucial for developing empathy and theory-of-mind. This approach is rooted in attachment theory and aims to enhance emotional and social cognition.

Question 19

Affective forecasting is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

Affective forecasting involves predicting one's own emotional responses to future events. Choice C directly addresses this concept by describing John predicting his own future emotional state in response to a hypothetical negative event.

Quiz 14: Consciousness, Regulation and Psychotherapy