The Average Memory Access Time equation (AMAT) has three components: hit time, miss rate, and miss penalty. For each of the following cache optimizations, indicate which component of the AMAT equation is improved.
Using a second-level cache
Using a direct-mapped cache
Using a 4-way set-associative cache
Using a virtually-addressed cache
Performing hardware pre-fetching using stream buffers
Using a non-blocking cache
Using larger blocks
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