Question 1

In comparison to the self concept of a typical preschool child, the self concept of a typical late- elementary-school child is all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Preschool children often have positive illusions about their abilities, while late-elementary-school children have a more realistic self-concept due to increased social comparisons and peer influence.

Question 2

Which of the following instances is a test of whether toddlers have a sense of self?

Accepted Answer

The rouge test involves placing a mark on a child's face and observing if they recognize themselves in a mirror, indicating self-awareness.

Question 3

The ability to notice discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on:

Accepted Answer

Social comparison is the process of evaluating oneself in relation to others, which helps individuals notice discrepancies between their own performance and others' performance.

Question 4

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to:

Accepted Answer

The personal fable is a cognitive distortion experienced by adolescents, where they believe their thoughts and feelings are unique and special, often leading to a sense of invincibility.

Question 5

Which of the following emotions is an indicator that a child has a sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Shame is an emotion that typically develops when a child has a sense of self, as it involves self-awareness and the ability to evaluate oneself against social standards.

Question 6

Which of the following pieces of evidence is the best support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning?

Accepted Answer

Among children who functioned poorly during preschool, those who had a secure attachment during infancy were more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than were other children. This suggests that infant attachment security has a causal effect on later social functioning.

Question 7

Which of the following actions is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Turning toward a noise is a basic reflexive response to stimuli and does not necessarily indicate a developing sense of self.

Question 8

Which of the following concepts is typical of a 3-year- old child's sense of self?

Accepted Answer

A 3-year-old child's sense of self is typically focused on observable features, such as physical characteristics and simple abilities, rather than abstract concepts or comparisons with others.

Question 9

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behavior. This feeling is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how...

Question 10

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants demonstrate:

Accepted Answer

Secure attachment in infancy is associated with a range of positive outcomes in childhood, including social competence, better ability to understand other's emotions, and less aggression.

Question 11

Which of the following traits is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Imitating others' facial expressions is a behavior that can occur without a developed sense of self, as it often involves simple mimicry rather than self-awareness.

Question 12

Annalee is 3 years old. If asked to describe herself, which of the following statements is she LEAST likely to say?

Accepted Answer

At 3 years old, children are typically more focused on themselves and their own abilities rather than comparing themselves to others.

Question 13

The self refers to:

Accepted Answer

The self refers to one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself.

Question 14

Why is it difficult to fully understand the association between attachment security during infancy and later functioning?

Accepted Answer

The difficulty arises because the studies are correlational, meaning they cannot establish causation, and because the quality of parent-child interactions tends to remain stable, making it hard to determine if associations are due to early attachment or ongoing interaction quality.

Question 15

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which of the following statements is she LEAST likely to say?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hina is a young adolescent. If asked...

Question 16

Of the following options, which is the MOST likely source of the differences in peer relationships between children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants?

Accepted Answer

Differences in internal working models are the most likely source because securely attached infants develop positive expectations about relationships, which influence their social interactions and peer relationships later in life.

Question 17

Which of the following actions is an indication that an infant has a sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Separation distress indicates that an infant recognizes themselves as separate from their caregiver, showing a sense of self.

Question 18

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to:

Accepted Answer

In late adolescence, individuals typically develop a stronger sense of self that is based on internalized values rather than external perceptions or confusion about self-contradictions.

Question 19

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are:

Accepted Answer

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are abstract, often seemingly contradictory, and focused on their social competence, reflecting the complexity and developmental changes in their self-identity during this stage.

Question 20

The "terrible twos" are an indication of which of the following states?

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness is the correct answer because the "terrible twos" are a period of time when children are becoming more aware of themselves and their surroundings. They are also starting to develop a sense of independence, which can lead to tantrums and other challenging behaviors.

Quiz 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self