Major efforts began by the start of the 19th century in both Europe and the United States to devise a more severe penal sanction that focused completely on the body, rather than the mind of the offender.

Question

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By the start of the 19th century, penal reforms in Europe and the United States were moving towards less severe physical punishments and more towards rehabilitation and reform of the mind, focusing on imprisonment and moral reform rather than corporal punishment.

Major Efforts Began by the Start of the 19th Century