Question 1

The term _____________________ was used to describe a house of correction that was first used during the 16th century in England.

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Question 2

Who was John Howard and what significance did he have in regard to correctional reform? Be sure to list and explain his major accomplishments.

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Question 3

Secular law is often referred to as the __________ law of society.

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Question 4

Because punishment was considered a powerful general , authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe carried out sanctions in the market square for all to see.

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Question 5

_____________________ has been credited as being the founder of the Classical School of Criminology.

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Question 6

Shaming is not a new practice; in fact, it has been making a resurgence in the realm of punishment in certain arenas. Please provide early historical examples of shaming and discuss whether you think it is a useful tool of social control. Be sure to fully explain your answer. In your opinion, are there any possible negative outcomes of shaming?

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Question 7

________________________ was an early English correctional reformer who advocated for the utility of prison confinement to treat and reform criminals' thought processes that he deemed a "hedonistic calculus."

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Question 8

Until the 1800s, ______________ were authorized only to house pretrial detainees, debtors, and vagrants.

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Question 9

Briefly summarize the social, political, and scientific ideas advocated during the Enlightenment and the lasting effect they had on correctional thinking and practices.

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Question 10

According to scholars, the Enlightenment was a reaction against feudal and traditions.

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Question 11

The period known as the ______________________ was a cultural movement in England and France during the 1700s, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

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Question 12

The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest balance of pleasure over pain and that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain is called .

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Question 13

In your own opinion, should the United States look to incorporate punishments that they once used, but later outlawed to due to the cruel and harmful nature of such acts (e.g., corporal punishment, transportation)? Be sure to fully explain and defend your answer.

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Question 14

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will is known as ____________.

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Question 15

__________________ refers to punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips or other devices that cause pain.

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Question 16

The forced rowing of large ships as a form of early punishment was known as _______________.

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Question 17

___________________ refers to the practice of transplanting offenders from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony.

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Question 18

A leading 18th-century English correctional reformer who was responsible for the creation and later implementation of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 was .

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Quiz 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice