Edward Tolman's research on rats running mazes led him to conclude that reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur.

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Edward Tolman's research on rats running mazes led him to develop the theory of cognitive maps, which suggests that animals (and humans) can learn and remember the spatial layout of an environment without reinforcement. Thus, reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur, according to Tolman's theory.

Edward Tolman's Research on Rats Running Mazes Led Him to Conclude