Question 1

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, students consider the improvement in teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. In terms of the expectancy theory, the likelihood that students feel their inputs on the evaluations will lead directly to improved instruction is called _____.
A)valence
B)reciprocity
C)expectancy
D)instrumentality
E)synergy

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality refers to the belief that a certain behavior will lead to a particular outcome. In this case, students believe that their inputs on teaching evaluations will lead to improved instruction (outcome), making instrumentality the best fit for the given scenario. Valence refers to the individual's belief about whether the outcome is desirable or not, reciprocity refers to the expectation of returning the favor, expectancy refers to the belief that effort will lead to performance, and synergy refers to the combined effort leading to greater outcomes. None of these concepts directly relate to the scenario given.

Question 2

Alex works as an accountant at a pharmaceutical company. His job frequently demands that he work overtime. Lately, his health has taken a beating because of his overwork. Alex is eligible for a promotion. But the new position would demand longer working hours at twice the pay of his current position. Alex obviously values his health over his paycheck at the end of the month. In terms of expectancy theory, the promotion has a _____ for Alex.
A)negative valence
B)strong expectancy
C)low performance value
D)high referent power
E)positive instrumentality

Accepted Answer

According to expectancy theory, when an individual faces a situation where the outcomes of the behavior are not attractive, then the valence of that outcome becomes negative. In this case, Alex is facing a situation where the promotion demands longer working hours, which is not attractive to him as his health has taken a beating due to overwork. Therefore, the promotion has a negative valence for him.

Question 3

The city of Cairo has the world's greatest collection of Islamic buildings and statues. It would seem an ideal location for Muslim tourists, but unfortunately preservation activities have been inadequate and often more destructive than constructive. Imagine the Egyptian government is instituting a marketing campaign to motivate tourists to spend their vacation dollars in Cairo. The buildings and statues in the city would have _____ to Muslim tourists who wanted to learn more about their heritage.
A)strong equity
B)strong expectancy
C)low performance value
D)positive valence
E)strong instrumentality

Accepted Answer

The buildings and statues in Cairo would have positive valence to Muslim tourists because they hold cultural and historical significance, making them attractive and valuable to those interested in learning about their heritage.

Question 4

Driving in heavy traffic makes Hal very anxious and sometimes angry. He leaves home earlier than usual one morning and doesn't run into heavy traffic. He leaves home earlier again the next morning, and again he avoids heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. What kind of reinforcement has occurred in this example?
A)Extinction
B)​Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Positive reinforcement
E)Overreward

Accepted Answer

The answer of Driving in heavy traffic makes Hal very...

Question 5

In terms of expectancy theory, when _____ is strong, employees believe that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance, so they work harder.
A)valence
B)equity
C)expectancy
D)synergy
E)instrumentality

Accepted Answer

According to expectancy theory, employees' belief that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance (expectancy) is a crucial factor in their motivation. This means that when employees have a high level of expectancy, they will work harder because they believe that their efforts will lead to better performance outcomes. Valence and instrumentality are also important components of expectancy theory, but they relate to employees' beliefs about the value of the outcomes and the link between performance and outcomes, respectively. Therefore, these choices are not the best option for this question. Equity and synergy are not directly related to expectancy theory and thus are not relevant options.

Question 6

According to expectancy theory, in order for employees to be highly motivated, ____ must be high.
A)competency
B)reinforcement usage
C)instrumentality
D)equity
E)referent power

Accepted Answer

According to expectancy theory, motivation is a function of three key elements - expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Instrumentality refers to the belief that performance will lead to certain outcomes, such as rewards or recognition. Therefore, if employees believe that their performance will lead to desired outcomes (instrumentality is high), they are likely to be highly motivated.

Question 7

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, engineering students consider the improvement in teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. For engineering students who believe their efforts will lead to better teaching, the motivation to fill out a teaching evaluation would have a _____.
A)negative reinforcement
B)weak expectancy
C)low performance value
D)positive valence
E)strong instrumentality

Accepted Answer

Positive valence refers to the degree to which an individual values a particular outcome. In this case, engineering students believe that filling out a teaching evaluation will lead to better teaching, which indicates a positive valence towards the outcome.

Question 8

_____ is also called avoidance learning.
A)Positive reinforcement
B)Extinction
C)Intermittent reinforcement
D)Punishment
E)​Negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is also called avoidance learning.
A)Positive reinforcement
B)Extinction
C)Intermittent...

Question 9

To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can:
A)assign specific, challenging goals to each employee.
B)make all rewards equal in value.
C)reinforce the practice of granting overreward and underreward.
D)avoid the use of empowerment.
E)systematically find out what employees want from their jobs.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that employees are motivated when they believe they can achieve desired performance levels and that these levels will lead to rewards they value. Therefore, understanding what employees want from their jobs is crucial for motivation.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement contingency?
A)Negative reinforcement
B)Positive reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
E)​Overreward

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 11

_____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.
A)Consequential modification
B)Behavioral substantiation
C)Valence manipulation
D)Instrumentality
E)Reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior is known as reinforcement. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and can increase the frequency of a behavior. A positive reinforcement adds a desirable consequence to increase the frequency of a behavior, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive consequence to increase the frequency of a behavior.

Question 12

According to the expectancy theory, ____ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.
A)equity, competency, and instrumentality
B)valence, expectancy, and instrumentality
C)expectancy, reinforcement, and instrumentality
D)instrumentality, equity, and expectancy
E)expectancy, equity, and reinforcement

Accepted Answer

According to the expectancy theory, motivation is determined by three factors: valence (the value someone places on the outcome), expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to performance), and instrumentality (the belief that performance will lead to the desired outcome). Therefore, option B - valence, expectancy, and instrumentality - are the three factors that affect people's conscious choices about their motivation.

Question 13

In expectancy theory, ____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.
A)valence
B)reciprocity
C)expectancy
D)instrumentality
E)synergy

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards in expectancy theory, which means the belief that if an individual performs well, it will lead to certain rewards or outcomes. Valence refers to the value an individual places on the rewards. Reciprocity refers to the idea that people feel obligated to reciprocate after receiving something from someone else. Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to improved performance. Synergy refers to the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 14

Reinforcement theory says that behavior is a function of _____.
A)perception
B)environment
C)its consequences
D)conscious choices
E)the situations in which it occurs

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement theory states that behavior is a function of its consequences. This means that people tend to repeat behaviors that lead to positive outcomes and avoid behaviors that lead to negative outcomes. The environmental factors and situations are also important, but they are not the primary factor in determining behavior according to reinforcement theory. Perception and conscious choices may play a role in behavior, but they are not the main focus of this theory.

Question 15

Being rewarded with an all-expense-paid vacation to Madrid by one's company is an example of _____.
A)extinction
B)underreward
C)negative reinforcement
D)punishment
E)​positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The answer of Being rewarded with an all-expense-paid vacation to...

Question 16

_____ can increase the frequency of a particular behavior.
A)Referent power
B)​Positive reinforcement
C)Extinction
D)Punishment
E)Underreward

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ can increase the frequency of a...

Question 17

According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, students' motivation to participate in teaching evaluations is impacted significantly by their expectation that they will be able to provide meaningful feedback. They also feel that if they are going to expend the thought and effort to fill out evaluation forms, it should be worth the effort. In terms of expectancy theory, students are concerned with the _____ of the task.
A)valence
B)reciprocity
C)expectancy
D)rationality
E)synergy

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is driven by three factors: expectancy (belief that effort will lead to performance), instrumentality (belief that performance will lead to outcomes), and valence (value placed on outcomes). In this scenario, the students' concern with providing meaningful feedback indicates their belief in the expectancy factor, or the belief that their effort (filling out the evaluation forms) will lead to the desired performance (improvements in teaching). Therefore, the best choice is C - expectancy.

Question 18

Dan has frequently been coming late to work during the last month. On Monday, he missed an important meeting after coming late yet again. Following this, his boss told him that his salary would be reduced. This is an example of _____.
A)instrumentality
B)contingency feedback
C)goal acceptance
D)valence modification
E)​punishment

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dan has frequently been coming late to...

Question 19

The two parts of reinforcement are ____.
A)reinforcement temporality and reinforcement administration
B)positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
C)continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement
D)reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement
E)interval reinforcement and ratio reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement contingencies refer to the relationship between the behavior and the reinforcer, while schedules of reinforcement refer to the pattern of reinforcement delivery.

Question 20

____ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.
A)Reinforcement schedules
B)Reinforcement temporality effects
C)Consequences of reinforcement
D)​Reinforcement contingencies
E)Reinforcement expectancies

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the...

Quiz 13: Motivation

In terms of expectancy theory, when _____ is strong, employees believe that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance, so they work harder.

According to expectancy theory, in order for employees to be highly motivated, ____ must be high.

_____ is also called avoidance learning.

To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can:

Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement contingency?

_____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior.

According to the expectancy theory, ____ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.

In expectancy theory, ____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Reinforcement theory says that behavior is a function of _____.

Being rewarded with an all-expense-paid vacation to Madrid by one's company is an example of _____.

_____ can increase the frequency of a particular behavior.

Dan has frequently been coming late to work during the last month. On Monday, he missed an important meeting after coming late yet again. Following this, his boss told him that his salary would be reduced. This is an example of _____.

The two parts of reinforcement are ____.

____ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.