In the classic case,Palsgraf v.Long Island Railroad (1928)discussed in the text,the court denied Mrs.Palsgraf's claim of negligence on the ground thather injuries were __________,therefore the railroad employee's actions were not __________ of her injuries.

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The court found that Mrs. Palsgraf's injuries were not foreseeable, therefore the railroad employee's actions were not the proximate cause of her injuries. Proximate cause refers to the legal concept that limits the scope of liability to those harms that were reasonably foreseeable based on the defendant's actions. In this case, the court decided that the employee's actions were not closely connected enough to Mrs. Palsgraf's injuries to constitute proximate cause.

In the Classic Case,Palsgraf V