Question 1

Data indicate that ______ are more likely to be subjects of stop-and-frisk policies.

Accepted Answer

Studies and data show that people of color, particularly Black and Latino individuals, are disproportionately targeted and affected by stop-and-frisk policies compared to other racial groups.

Question 2

Sir Robert Peel is responsible for the formation of ______.

Accepted Answer

Sir Robert Peel is responsible for the formation of the London Metropolitan Police Force in 1829, which was the first modern city police force.

Question 3

In terms of geographic jurisdiction, there are three levels of policing: federal, state, and ______.

Accepted Answer

Local police departments are responsible for enforcing laws and providing public safety services within a specific city or municipality. They work closely with state and federal law enforcement agencies, but their jurisdiction is limited to their specific geographic area. County and tribal police departments are also a part of local policing, but they are not always present in every geographic area. International policing is not a level of jurisdiction within the United States.

Question 4

During the ______ police operations were generally conducted via foot patrols and officers engaged in both crime fighting and social services.

Accepted Answer

The political era of policing (mid-1800s to early 1900s) emphasized the connection between the police and the community, with police officers typically conducting foot patrols and engaging in both crime fighting and social services.

Question 5

Which of the following departments/agencies is considered to be the first federal law enforcement organization that was created by Congress?

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Marshals Service is considered to be the oldest federal law enforcement agency, as it was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, making it older than both the Department of Justice (established in 1870) and the Secret Service (established in 1865). The Department of Homeland Security is a relatively new agency, established in 2002.

Question 6

The ______ began with the emergence of professional police departments during the 1840s and continued throughout the early 20th century.

Accepted Answer

The political era of policing began in the mid-19th century and is characterized by the close ties between police agencies and politicians, as well as a focus on serving the interests of political leaders and their allies.

Question 7

Early police organizations in America were heavily influenced by ______.

Accepted Answer

Early police organizations in America were heavily influenced by the British, as many of the early colonists came from England and brought with them the English policing model. This model included a focus on maintaining social order and preventing crime rather than solving crimes after the fact. Additionally, the British system emphasized the use of a hierarchical structure and a professionalization of police work, which also influenced American police organizations.

Question 8

August Vollmer advocated for the hiring of which of the following individuals?

Accepted Answer

August Vollmer advocated for the hiring of college-educated officers because he believed that education was essential for effective policing. He believed that officers should have a well-rounded education that would enable them to better serve their communities and handle complex situations.

Question 9

The technological innovations that have altered the daily lives of officers on the street is a characteristics of the ______.

Accepted Answer

The information era refers to the period from the 1980s to the present day, characterized by the widespread use and integration of technology and information systems in all aspects of society, including law enforcement. The advancements in communication technology, such as smartphones and mobile data terminals, have revolutionized the way police officers do their jobs and have altered their daily routines.

Question 10

Which of the following types of policies allow for police to use their discretion to briefly detain an individual if they believe that he or she may be engaging in illegal behavior and to pat down the individual's exterior clothing if they believe the individual may have a weapon?

Accepted Answer

The policy described is stop-and-frisk, which allows police officers to briefly detain individuals and pat down their exterior clothing if they believe there may be a weapon present. Three strikes is a sentencing policy, stand your ground is a self-defense policy, and random patrols do not involve specific guidelines for detainment or search.

Question 11

The ______ is a time period in which the primary strategy involved the use of foot patrols to better connect with people.

Accepted Answer

The community problem-solving era is characterized by a shift towards community-oriented policing, where police officers work with community members to identify and solve local problems. This era emphasizes the importance of foot patrols and other forms of community engagement to build trust and improve police-community relations.

Question 12

President Abraham Lincoln established the ______ on the day he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

Accepted Answer

President Lincoln established the United States Secret Service on April 14, 1865, the day he was assassinated. At the time, their primary role was to combat the counterfeiting of US currency. It was not until the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 that the Secret Service began protecting the President of the United States.

Question 13

Foot patrols were eliminated during which of the following eras?

Accepted Answer

Foot patrols were largely eliminated during the reform era of policing, which sought to increase the efficiency of police forces through measures such as the use of patrol cars, centralized command, and a focus on law enforcement over social services.

Question 14

Stop-and-frisk policies originated in which of the following states?

Accepted Answer

Stop-and-frisk policies originated in New York in the 1990s. Under this policy, police officers have the authority to stop, question, and search individuals on the street if they have reasonable suspicion that the person may be involved in criminal activity. The policy has been controversial and criticized for disproportionately targeting people of color.

Question 15

Which of the following agencies falls under the Department of Justice?

Accepted Answer

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) falls under the Department of Justice.

Question 16

Which of the following was identified as one of Robert Peel's principles of policing?

Accepted Answer

Robert Peel's principle of policing that police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.

Question 17

During the ______ agencies became large, bureaucratic organizations with several levels of management.

Accepted Answer

The reform era (1960s-1980s) is characterized by efforts to make policing more professional and bureaucratic. This led to the creation of large agencies with multiple levels of management and specialized units.

Question 18

Which era used law rather than politics as the foundation for modern policing?

Accepted Answer

The reform era of policing, which took place from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, used law enforcement as the foundation for modern policing. It was during this era that police agencies shifted their focus from politics and corruption to professionalism and efficiency. The reformers believed in using science and technology to improve policing, and they established training programs, standardized procedures, and codes of ethics for police officers. The goal was to make policing a more legitimate and effective institution that would serve and protect the community.

Question 19

______ determines when and how the criminal justice can respond.

Accepted Answer

Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority granted to a court or law enforcement agency to make decisions and take action in specific geographic areas or over certain types of legal cases, determining when and how the criminal justice system can respond.

Question 20

The test of police ______ is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is "efficiency" because the statement refers to the effectiveness of the police in preventing crime and disorder, rather than their actions or presence being visible evidence of their work.

Quiz 7: Policing Organizations and Practices