Which of the Following Definitions for the Term "Foresight Bias

Which of the following definitions for the term "foresight bias" is most accurate?

A) A foresight bias occurs when the researchers try to anticipate-in advance-the problems with a study.
B) Foresight bias occurs when researchers examine the dependent variables to see whether they will be high in external validity.
C) Foresight bias occurs when people judge their mastery of some material that they have been studying, although they have been using an inappropriate mnemonic device.
D) Foresight bias occurs when people are too confident that they will do well in a future exam, based on the estimates they make while studying the material.