Question 1

Acquisition of cyanobacterium-like cells by an early heterotrophic anaerobe changed the cell's ability to _______________. (Select all correct choices)
A)acquire its organic building blocks
B)live in an oxygen containing environment
C)create ATP in mitochondria
D)synthesize DNA in a nucleus
E)traffic molecules through membranous organelles like the Golgi apparatus

Accepted Answer

The acquisition of cyanobacterium-like cells likely provided the early anaerobe with the ability to perform photosynthesis, leading to the production of organic molecules that could be used as building blocks. This also allowed the cell to survive in an oxygen-containing environment. The other choices (C, D, E) are not directly related to the acquisition of cyanobacterium-like cells.

Question 2

Among the most complex viruses are the ________, which are also the most abundant biological entities on Earth. (Select all correct descriptive terms)
A)mammalian viruses
B)bacterial viruses
C)vibriovirions
D)bacteriophages

Accepted Answer

Bacterial viruses and bacteriophages are the same, and they are among the most complex and abundant biological entities on Earth.

Question 3

How have scientists attempted to create a porous scaffold for tissue engineering? (Select all correct choices)
A)through a process known as electrospinning
B)by using spider web silk
C)by use of ultraviolet light-induced degradation of plastics
D)by electron bombardment of plastics
E)by forcing gases through a liquid matrix material

Accepted Answer

Electrospinning is a common method to create porous scaffolds by spinning fibers into a mesh. Forcing gases through a liquid matrix material can create pores as the gas escapes, forming a scaffold structure.

Question 4

A typical example of a colonial organism is: (Select all correct choices)
A)plasmodial slime mold
B)Volvox
C)Dictyostelium
D)Gonium
E)Pleodornium

Accepted Answer

The answer of A typical example of a colonial organism...

Question 5

What materials are found in fully artificial organs? (Select all correct choices)
A)plastics
B)ceramics
C)electronics
D)heavy metals
E)recombinant cells

Accepted Answer

Fully artificial organs typically use materials such as plastics and electronics to mimic the function of natural organs. Ceramics may also be used for certain applications, but heavy metals are generally not used due to toxicity concerns. Recombinant cells may be used in bioengineered organs, but these would not be considered fully artificial.

Question 6

Scaffolds for tissue engineering need to be porous because: (Select all correct choices)
A)this creates more surface area for cell adhesion
B)this will allow access for electronic circuitry to be connected to cells in the replacement organ
C)nutrient and waste diffusion will be more effective
D)the scaffold will be more rigid and strong
E)the scaffold will be more likely to be accepted by the immune defenses of the body

Accepted Answer

Porous scaffolds create more surface area for cell adhesion and allow for nutrient and waste diffusion, which are both important for tissue engineering. B and D are incorrect because electronic circuitry is not typically connected to replacement organs and scaffold rigidity and strength do not require porosity. E is incorrect because immune responses to scaffolds are complex and not solely dependent on porosity.

Question 7

You find a single-celled organism which you believe is a new eukaryotic life form. Which features might it possess if it is average in most of its characteristics? (Select all correct choices)
A)genome encoding around 1,000 proteins
B)genome encoding more than 6,000 proteins
C)4 million base pairs of DNA
D)8 million base pairs of DNA
E)16 million base pairs of DNA

Accepted Answer

The answer of You find a single-celled organism which you...

Question 8

Gene transfer from one organism to another within the same generation of cells is termed _____________. (Select all correct choices)
A)parental gene transfer
B)horizontal gene transfer
C)vertical gene transfer
D)lateral gene transfer
E)endosymbiont gene transfer

Accepted Answer

Horizontal gene transfer and lateral gene transfer both refer to the transfer of genetic material within the same generation of cells, rather than from parent to offspring (vertical gene transfer) or through endosymbiosis (endosymbiont gene transfer).

Question 9

What materials are being researched in constructing cell-based replacement organs? (Select all correct choices)
A)plastic 3-D scaffolds
B)tissue cells from the patient requiring the organ replacement
C)collagen fibrils
D)electronics
E)blood cells from the patient requiring the organ replacement

Accepted Answer

Plastic 3-D scaffolds, tissue cells, collagen fibrils, and blood cells are all being researched for constructing cell-based replacement organs. Electronics are not typically used in the construction of biological organs.

Question 10

Which abilities/characteristics are thought to have been possessed by both LECA (last eukaryotic common ancestor)and by FECA (first eukaryotic common ancestor)? (Select all correct choices)
A)ability to synthesize internal membranes
B)phagocytic ability
C)ability to splice introns
D)development of meiosis
E)possession of mitochondria

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which abilities/characteristics are thought to have been...

Question 11

Examples of the types of informational gene which provide accurate phylogenetic relationship determinations include: (Select all correct choices)
A)ribosomal RNA genes
B)genes encoding cell membrane signal proteins
C)DNA polymerase genes
D)transfer RNA genes
E)genes encoding metabolic activities

Accepted Answer

Ribosomal RNA genes, DNA polymerase genes, and transfer RNA genes are highly conserved across different species, making them useful for determining phylogenetic relationships. These genes evolve at a rate that allows for the tracking of evolutionary changes over time, providing accurate insights into the genetic distances and relationships between various organisms.

Question 12

Archaea are found in environments with which characteristics?
A)extreme salinity
B)low pH
C)extreme heat
D)normal temperature ranges
E)All of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

Archaea are found in a wide range of environments with extreme salinity, low and high pH levels, and extreme heat, among other conditions.

Question 13

According to the text, in which environments have bacteria been isolated? (Select all correct choices)
A)Antarctic ice shelves
B)dry deserts
C)mile-deep rock layers
D)molten magma
E)human intestines

Accepted Answer

The text mentions that bacteria have been isolated in Antarctic ice shelves, dry deserts, mile-deep rock layers, and human intestines. It does not mention bacteria being isolated in molten magma.

Question 14

Types of stem cells include: (Select all correct choices)
A)adult stem cells
B)undifferentiated embryonic stem cells
C)induced pluripotent stem cells
D)undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells
E)induced adult stem cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of Types of stem cells include: (Select all...

Question 15

Risks associated with embryonic stem cell therapies include: (Select all correct choices)
A)development of cancer
B)immunological rejection of transplants created for unrelated organ recipients
C)development of teratomas
D)complications with the use of non-human biological materials
E)competition with the technology used in employing induced pluripotent stem cell technology

Accepted Answer

The answer of Risks associated with embryonic stem cell therapies...

Question 16

Why are viruses NOT considered to be organisms and not described as being alive? (Select all correct choices)
A)Viruses are unable to reproduce by themselves.
B)Viruses are not able to metabolize by themselves.
C)Viruses are not able to synthesize DNA by themselves.
D)Viruses are not able to assemble spontaneously.

Accepted Answer

Viruses are not considered to be organisms and are not described as being alive because they are unable to reproduce by themselves, they are not able to metabolize by themselves, and they are not able to synthesize DNA by themselves. While viruses do contain genetic material, they cannot perform any of the necessary functions for life on their own and must rely on a host cell to reproduce and carry out metabolic processes. Additionally, viruses are not able to assemble spontaneously and require a host cell to do so.

Question 17

Which of these are viable suggestions to explain the mixed character of the eukaryotic genome? (Select all correct choices)
A)an archaebacterial cell fused with a eubacterial cell and the genomes integrated
B)eubacterial genes migrated from chloroplasts and mitochondria to become nuclear genes
C)eukaryotic genes migrated from chloroplasts and mitochondria to become nuclear genes
D)eukaryotic cells evolved from archaebacterial ancestors and then picked up eubacterial genes
E)archaebacterial genes migrated from chloroplasts and mitochondria to become nuclear genes

Accepted Answer

The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotic cells arose from the fusion of an archaebacterial host cell with a eubacterial endosymbiont that eventually evolved into mitochondria. This would explain the presence of both archaebacterial and eubacterial genes in the eukaryotic genome (option A). Additionally, it is known that chloroplasts and mitochondria were originally independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. During this process, some genes from the endosymbionts were transferred to the host cell's nucleus, which would explain the presence of eubacterial genes in the nuclear genome (option B). Option C is incorrect because eukaryotic genes did not originate from chloroplasts and mitochondria. Finally, option E is incorrect because archaebacteria did not give rise to either mitochondria or chloroplasts.

Question 18

Likely potential benefits from research using induced pluripotent stem cells include: (Select all correct choices)
A)advances in individualized cell replacement therapies
B)creating cells with disease specific phenotypes to better understand some clinical conditions
C)creating designer drugs for treating disease
D)advances in gene therapy
E)advances in bacteriophage therapy

Accepted Answer

The answer of Likely potential benefits from research using induced...

Question 19

Which abilities/characteristics are thought to have been possessed by LECA (last eukaryotic common ancestor)but NOT by FECA (first eukaryotic common ancestor)? (Select all correct choices)
A)ability to synthesize internal membranes
B)phagocytic ability
C)ability to splice introns
D)development of meiosis
E)possession of mitochondria

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which abilities/characteristics are thought to have been...

Question 20

Viable adult stem cells have been located in _________________ tissue. (Select all correct choices)
A)muscle
B)nervous
C)bone marrow
D)fat
E)dead

Accepted Answer

The answer of Viable adult stem cells have been located...

Quiz 1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology

Acquisition of cyanobacterium-like cells by an early heterotrophic anaerobe changed the cell's ability to _______________. (Select all correct choices)

Among the most complex viruses are the ________, which are also the most abundant biological entities on Earth. (Select all correct descriptive terms)

How have scientists attempted to create a porous scaffold for tissue engineering? (Select all correct choices)

A typical example of a colonial organism is: (Select all correct choices)

What materials are found in fully artificial organs? (Select all correct choices)

Scaffolds for tissue engineering need to be porous because: (Select all correct choices)

You find a single-celled organism which you believe is a new eukaryotic life form. Which features might it possess if it is average in most of its characteristics? (Select all correct choices)

Gene transfer from one organism to another within the same generation of cells is termed _____________. (Select all correct choices)

What materials are being researched in constructing cell-based replacement organs? (Select all correct choices)

Which abilities/characteristics are thought to have been possessed by both LECA (last eukaryotic common ancestor) and by FECA (first eukaryotic common ancestor) ? (Select all correct choices)

Examples of the types of informational gene which provide accurate phylogenetic relationship determinations include: (Select all correct choices)

Archaea are found in environments with which characteristics?

According to the text, in which environments have bacteria been isolated? (Select all correct choices)

Types of stem cells include: (Select all correct choices)

Risks associated with embryonic stem cell therapies include: (Select all correct choices)

Why are viruses NOT considered to be organisms and not described as being alive? (Select all correct choices)

Which of these are viable suggestions to explain the mixed character of the eukaryotic genome? (Select all correct choices)

Likely potential benefits from research using induced pluripotent stem cells include: (Select all correct choices)

Which abilities/characteristics are thought to have been possessed by LECA (last eukaryotic common ancestor) but NOT by FECA (first eukaryotic common ancestor) ? (Select all correct choices)

Viable adult stem cells have been located in _________________ tissue. (Select all correct choices)