Question 1

In 1984, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act abolished federal parole and brought all supervised prison releasees under the judicial control of federal probation departments.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true.

Question 2

The father of probation in the United States was a bootmaker.

Accepted Answer

John Augustus, a bootmaker from Boston, is widely regarded as the father of probation in the United States. He originated the idea of probation in the 1840s as an alternative to incarceration for petty offenders.

Question 3

A "motion to quash" is a court order that postpones the filing, imposition, or execution of a sentence if an offender can maintain good behavior.

Accepted Answer

A motion to quash is a request to dismiss a legal action. It does not pertain to the postponement of a sentence for good behavior.

Question 4

The procedure most closely related to modern probation is the indeterminate sentence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The procedure most closely related to modern...

Question 5

Community corrections acts were developed as statewide agreements through which local government could receive funding to develop community correctional sanctions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Community corrections acts were developed as statewide...

Question 6

The "justice model of supervision" that took place from 1982 to 2000 utilized an escalated system of sanctions that corresponded to the level of social harm that resulted from an offender's actions.

Accepted Answer

The justice model of supervision did utilize an escalated system of sanctions that corresponded to the level of social harm caused by the offender's actions.

Question 7

Police may use discretion to issue a civil citation to an adult who commits a status offense.

Accepted Answer

Status offenses are typically actions that are prohibited only to a certain class of people, most commonly minors, such as truancy or underage drinking. Adults cannot commit a status offense because these offenses are based on one's status as a minor.

Question 8

An amercement refers to a monetary penalty imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court for an offense.

Accepted Answer

An amercement is a monetary penalty imposed at the discretion of the court rather than being determined by statute. It can be seen as a way for the court to punish an offender on a case-by-case basis, rather than having to follow a set penalty for a particular offense.

Question 9

At one time in England, more than 200 crimes were punishable by death, including many relatively minor property offenses.

Accepted Answer

This is true. During the 18th century, England had a very strict criminal justice system and a large number of crimes were punishable by death, including theft of items worth more than five shillings, pickpocketing, and even cutting down trees. However, over time, the number of capital offenses was gradually reduced and by the mid-20th century, only murder, treason, and piracy with violence were punishable by death.

Question 10

The two kinds of suspended sentences are suspension of imposition of sentence and suspension of execution of sentence.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true.

Question 11

Commonwealth v. Chase (1831) is often cited as an early example of how corporal punishment was first used in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Commonwealth v. Chase (1831) is not about the first use of corporal punishment in the United States; corporal punishment was used long before this case. This case is often cited in discussions about legal precedents and principles, not specifically about the origins of corporal punishment in the U.S. legal system.

Question 12

John Augustus, a Boston bootmaker in the mid-1800s, has been credited as being the "Father of Probation" in the United States.

Accepted Answer

John Augustus is widely recognized as the first person to propose and implement probation as an alternative to prison in the United States. He began advocating for probation in the mid-1800s in Boston, and his efforts laid the groundwork for the modern probation system.

Question 13

The "brokerage of services era of community corrections" involved identifying the needs of probationers and parolees and referring them to an appropriate community agency.

Accepted Answer

The brokerage of services era of community corrections did involve identifying the needs of probationers and parolees and referring them to an appropriate community agency.

Question 14

In the United States today, probation is exclusively administered by the executive branch of government.

Accepted Answer

Probation in the United States is administered by both the executive branch (through probation agencies or departments at the federal, state, or local level) and the judiciary, which has the authority to grant probation and set its conditions.

Question 15

Early British criminal law was dominated by the objectives of punishment and retribution.

Accepted Answer

Punishment and retribution were the primary objectives of early British criminal law, with a focus on punishing the offender for their wrongdoing and deterring others from committing similar crimes.

Question 16

Probation, as it is practiced today in the United States, evolved out of norms and traditions of the Greek, Roman, and Arab cultures.

Accepted Answer

Probation as practiced today in the United States has its roots in the English judicial system, evolving from practices such as judicial reprieve and the use of recognizances in the 19th century, rather than directly from Greek, Roman, and Arab cultures.

Question 17

The "casework model of community corrections" that occurred from 1900 to 1970 in the United States emphasized fairness and due process.

Accepted Answer

The "casework model of community corrections" that occurred from 1900 to 1970 in the United States primarily emphasized rehabilitation through individualized treatment and support, rather than focusing on fairness and due process.

Question 18

"Placing out," which was a process that placed delinquents who would have otherwise been sent to reform school in foster homes, was an early form of juvenile probation.

Accepted Answer

Placing out was indeed an early form of juvenile probation that involved placing delinquents with foster families instead of sending them to reform school.

Question 19

Elmira, New York, is the location of the first juvenile justice system in the United States.

Accepted Answer

The first juvenile justice system in the United States was established in Chicago, Illinois, in 1899, not in Elmira, New York.

Question 20

In 1898, Vermont became the second state to pass a probation statute and adopted a county plan of organization.

Accepted Answer

Vermont did indeed pass a probation statute in 1898 and adopted a county plan of organization, becoming the second state to do so after Massachusetts.

Quiz 2: How Probation Developed: Chronicling Its Past and Present