Question 1

An eye blink is an example of
A) introspection.
B) an environmental event.
C) a reflex.
D) an operant.
E) shaping.

Accepted Answer

An eye blink is an involuntary response to a stimulus, such as a sudden loud noise or a puff of air directed at the eye. This type of response is considered a reflex, meaning it occurs automatically without conscious thought or effort. Introspection refers to the act of examining one's own thoughts and feelings. An environmental event refers to any change or occurrence in the environment, which may or may not elicit a response. Operants and shaping are terms used in behavioral psychology to describe intentional actions and methods of modifying behavior through reinforcement and individual response patterns.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?
A) Learning is another word for maturation.
B) Learning is a lasting condition.
C) Learning involves changes in behavior.
D) Learning involves experiences.
E) Learning involves changes in mental processes.

Accepted Answer

Learning and maturation are not the same thing. Maturation refers to the natural process of growth and development that occurs over time, whereas learning involves acquiring new knowledge or skills through experiences and practice.

Question 3

Gina walks into her psychology class on the first day and she sits next to Roger. She thinks his looks are average, but by the end of the semester she finds him to be quite attractive due to
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) habituation.
C) continuous reinforcement.
D) shaping.
E) her new cognitive map.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect is the phenomenon where the more we are exposed to something, the more we tend to like it. In this case, Gina sitting next to Roger for the entire semester leads to her becoming more familiar with his face, which in turn increases her attractiveness towards him.

Question 4

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad.ral weeks, she notices that the dog immediately gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys before leaving the house.nomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?
A) classical conditioning
B) innate learning
C) negative punishment
D) instinctive drift
E) stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

The dog's behavior is an example of classical conditioning where the dog has learned to associate the sound of the car keys with Maricella leaving for work, which causes the dog to feel sad and sulk in the corner of the room.

Question 5

In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the ________ after conditioning.
A) unconditioned stimulus (UCS.
B) orienting response (OR)
C) conditioned stimulus (CS)
D) conditioned response (CR.
E) neutral stimulus (NS)

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the Pavlov study, the salivation to...

Question 6

Learning always occurs as a result of
A) changing our emotions.
B) experience.
C) changes in the environment.
D) classical conditioning.
E) internal changes.

Accepted Answer

Learning is a process that occurs as a result of experience, whether it is through observation, practice or instruction. While changes in emotions, the environment, or internal changes may play a role in the learning process, they are not the primary cause of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that involves the pairing of stimuli, but it is only one of many ways that learning can occur.

Question 7

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs, and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of
A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) operant conditioning.
D) her reflexes.
E) spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

Jenna's initial response to the formaldehyde was queasiness. However, over time, through repeated exposure, Jenna habituated to the smell, and her response decreased. Habituation is a type of learning where an organism reduces or stops responding to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it, and this is the best explanation for Jenna's change in response.

Question 8

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of
A) instrumental learning
B) observational learnin.
C) classical conditionin.
D) habituation
E) counterconditioning

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (the photographer's coat) becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus (the penicillin injections) and elicits a response (crying) that was previously only elicited by the natural stimulus.

Question 9

You are sitting in a class when your professor holds up a large white feather. We could guess that most people would not really respond in any important way to the feather, because the feather is a(n)
A) primary reinforcer.
B) negative punisher.
C) unconditioned response.
D) neutral stimulus.
E) extinct event.

Accepted Answer

The feather is not inherently meaningful or associated with any particular response or consequence, so it is a neutral stimulus.

Question 10

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n)
A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.
E) discriminative stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The salivation in response to food is an unconditioned response because it is a natural, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (the food).

Question 11

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as he hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.xample, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.
A) can of cat food
B) sound of the electric can opener
C) dish that Harmony puts the food in 
D) cat scurrying into the kitchen
E) the smell of the cat food

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the sound of the electric can opener because it is what causes the cat to salivate. The can of cat food and the dish are not necessary for the cat to salivate, and the cat scurrying into the kitchen and the smell of the cat food may be associated with the conditioned response (salivating) but they are not the conditioned stimulus that causes the response.

Question 12

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?
A) The initial strike to the knee is the CS.
B) The initial knee jerk response is the CR.
C) The sound is the CS.
D) The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.
E) The initial appearance of the response is an example of spontaneous recovery.

Accepted Answer

The sound is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it is the neutral stimulus that is being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) of getting struck in the knee, which elicits the unconditioned response (UR) of the knee jerk reflex. Eventually, through conditioning, the sound will elicit the conditioned response (CR) of the knee jerk reflex without the presence of the US. None of the other choices accurately describe the components of classical conditioning in this scenario.

Question 13

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)
A) unconditioned response.
B) voluntary response.
C) conditioned response.
D) digestive reflex.
E) habituated response.

Accepted Answer

Salivation is an unconditioned response because it is a natural and automatic response to the presence of food in the mouth, without any prior conditioning or learning necessary.

Question 14

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
A) presence of Alan near the aquariu.
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish foo.
E) sound of his footsteps as he approaches the tank

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the natural trigger that elicits an unconditioned response without any learning. In this case, the fish food is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally triggers the behavior of the fish swimming to the top in search of food. The other options (A, B, C, and E) are not the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario.

Question 15

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires
A) that the person must be hungry.
B) that the individual must receive either punishment or reinforcement.
C) a critical impact of insight.
D) no learning.
E) that the dog salivates at the sound of the bell.

Accepted Answer

The linkage between an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) and the Unconditioned Response (UCR) is innate and automatic, requiring no learning.

Question 16

In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components elicits a response?
A) UCR
B) UC.
C) CE.
D) CSR
E) NR

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS or UC) is the component that elicits a response in classical conditioning.

Question 17

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n)
A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.
E) neutral stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The food in Pavlov's experiment acted as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically produced a response (salivation) from the dogs.

Question 18

While walking down a dark alley, you jump at a loud noise. This would not be considered learning because
A) it is not a behavior.
B) jumping is only done for survival purposes.
C) not everyone would jump in this situation.
D) jumping is merely a reflex.
E) jumping is a difficult skill, biologically speaking.

Accepted Answer

Jumping in response to a loud noise in a dark alley is considered a reflex rather than a learned behavior. It is an automatic, involuntary response that does not require prior experience or training.

Question 19

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit blinks its eye when it hears the sound, even when no puff of air is present. Which of the following is true?
A) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
C) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.
E) The air puff is a discriminative stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicits the blinking response without prior conditioning.

Question 20

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n)
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.
E) neutral stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sue noticed that whenever she opened the...

Quiz 4: Learning and Human Nurture

An eye blink is an example of

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

Gina walks into her psychology class on the first day and she sits next to Roger. She thinks his looks are average, but by the end of the semester she finds him to be quite attractive due to

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad.ral weeks, she notices that the dog immediately gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys before leaving the house.nomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the ________ after conditioning.

Learning always occurs as a result of

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs, and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of

You are sitting in a class when your professor holds up a large white feather. We could guess that most people would not really respond in any important way to the feather, because the feather is a(n)

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n)

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as he hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.xample, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires

In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components elicits a response?

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n)

While walking down a dark alley, you jump at a loud noise. This would not be considered learning because

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit blinks its eye when it hears the sound, even when no puff of air is present. Which of the following is true?

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n)