Question 1

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that
A) plant development is not under genetic control.
B) the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes.
C) cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression.
D) a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation.
E) sexual reproduction is not necessary in plants.

Accepted Answer

Totipotency in plants refers to the ability of a single cell to give rise to a complete new organism. Cell differentiation in plants largely depends on the control of gene expression, allowing for the development of different tissues and organs from a single cell. The other answer choices do not accurately describe the concept of totipotency in plants.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is false?
A) A preprophase band determines where a cell plate will form in a dividing cell.
B) The way in which a plant cell differentiates is determined by the cell's position in the developing plant body.
C) Homeotic genes often control morphogenesis.
D) Plant cells differentiate because the cytoskeleton determines which genes will be turned "on" and "off."
E) Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.

Accepted Answer

Plant cells differentiate due to a variety of factors, including gene regulation, but it is not solely determined by the cytoskeleton. Choice D is the false statement.

Question 3

The following questions iare based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.
  
Figure 35.2
-A monocot stem is represented by
A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.

Accepted Answer

The stem in II shows scattered vascular bundles, which is a characteristic feature of monocot stems. The other options depict either dicot stems or roots.

Question 4

Figure 35.1
-Which of the following are true statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 35.1 above?
A) They are parenchyma cells.
B) They are photosynthetic.
C) They are usually found in roots.
D) They are phloem cells.
E) They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

Accepted Answer

The cells shown in the photograph are parenchyma cells based on their shape and lack of secondary cell walls. They are also likely photosynthetic based on their green appearance. Therefore, statement A and E are true. Statement B cannot be definitely confirmed from the photograph alone. Statement C and D are false, as parenchyma cells are not usually found in roots and they are not phloem cells.

Question 5

According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels?
A) A genes only
B) B genes only
C) C genes only
D) A and B genes only
E) A and C genes only

Accepted Answer

The ABC model of floral development explains the role of three classes of genes (A, B, and C) in determining the identity of floral organs. A genes promote the development of sepals; A and B genes together promote the development of petals; B and C genes together promote the development of stamens; and C genes alone promote the development of carpels. In a flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels, A and B genes would be expressed to develop sepals and petals, respectively, without the expression of C genes, which are responsible for stamens and carpels.

Question 6

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?
A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) trichomes
D) tubers
E) cortex

Accepted Answer

Secondary xylem is produced by lateral meristem activity in woody plants, specifically by the vascular cambium. None of the other choices arise from lateral meristem activity. Leaves and trichomes are produced by apical meristems, tubers are modified stems or roots, and the cortex is a tissue that is present in both herbaceous and woody plants.

Question 7

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?
A) 0.5
B) 1.5
C) 3.0
D) 15.0
E) 28.5

Accepted Answer

Since the nail was driven 1.5 meters from the ground on a 3-meter tall tree, it means the nail was driven halfway up the tree. After 15 years, the tree grew to 30 meters tall. Therefore, the top of the tree is at 30 meters, and halfway up the tree (where the nail was driven) is at 15 meters. Hence, the nail is approximately 1.5 meters above the ground (15 meters - 13.5 meters), which is the answer in choice B.

Question 8

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?
A) primary xylem
B) secondary xylem
C) secondary phloem
D) mesophyll cells
E) vascular cambium

Accepted Answer

Secondary xylem, also known as wood, makes up most of the bulk of a tree. It is responsible for providing support and transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Question 9

Which of the following is a true statement?
A) Flowers may have secondary growth.
B) Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.
C) Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
D) Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
E) Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

Accepted Answer

Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. This results in the increase in girth of stems and roots. Choices A and B are incorrect because flowers do not undergo secondary growth and secondary growth is not a common feature of eudicot leaves. Choice D is incorrect because primary and secondary growth do not alternate, but rather occur simultaneously or sequentially throughout the plant's life. Choice E is incorrect because plants with secondary growth can be quite large, such as trees.

Question 10

The following questions iare based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.
  
Figure 35.2
-A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by
A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following questions iare based on the...

Question 11

The following questions iare based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2.
  
Figure 35.2
-A woody eudicot is represented by
A) I only.
B) II only.
C) III only.
D) IV only.
E) both I and III.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following questions iare based on the...

Question 12

A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s)will develop in this plant?
A) sepals
B) petals
C) stamens
D) carpels
E) both sepals and petals

Accepted Answer

The answer of A mutation allows only A gene activity...

Question 13

The polarity of a plant is established when
A) the zygote divides.
B) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo.
C) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo.
D) the primary root breaks through the seed coat.
E) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates.

Accepted Answer

The polarity of a plant, which refers to the directional orientation of the shoot and root systems, is established early in development, specifically when the zygote, the fertilized egg cell, divides for the first time. This initial division sets the stage for the differentiation of the plant's tissues and organs along a specific axis.

Question 14

Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must
A) differentiate into procambium.
B) undergo dedifferentiation.
C) increase the number of chromosomes in their nuclei.
D) enzymatically digest their primary cell walls.
E) establish a new polarity in their cytoplasm.

Accepted Answer

Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must undergo dedifferentiation. Dedifferentiation is the process by which mature cells revert to a less specialized state, capable of regenerating new tissue. This is a crucial step in plant tissue culture, as it allows for the subsequent differentiation of these cells into specialized tissues and organs.

Question 15

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?
A) vascular cambium
B) apical meristem
C) endodermis
D) phloem
E) xylem

Accepted Answer

Vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from the vascular cambium, which is a lateral meristem responsible for producing secondary xylem and phloem. The apical meristem is responsible for primary growth, and the endodermis is a specialized layer of cells that controls the movement of water and solutes into the root. Phloem and xylem are types of vascular tissue, but they are not responsible for producing additional tissue as secondary growth.

Question 16

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem)outward, you would cross, in order,
A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.
B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm.
C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.
E) the summer wood, bark, and phloem.

Accepted Answer

Walking from the center of a large redwood tree outward, you would first cross the annual rings (which are made up of secondary xylem), then the new xylem (which is just the most recent annual ring), followed by the vascular cambium (a layer of cells that produces new xylem and phloem), then the phloem (which transports sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves), and finally the bark (which includes all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including the phloem).

Question 17

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?
A) herbaceous eudicot
B) woody eudicot
C) woody monocot
D) herbaceous monocot
E) woody annual

Accepted Answer

The presence of a taproot system and growth rings in the stem indicate that the plant is a woody plant. Additionally, the layer of bark around the outside further supports this classification. Among the given choices, only woody eudicots have all these characteristics.

Question 18

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s)that George left functional was/were the
A) phloem.
B) xylem.
C) cork cambium.
D) cortex.
E) companion and sieve-tube members.

Accepted Answer

The xylem is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the tree, and is critical for the tree's survival. By removing the bark, George likely damaged the phloem, which is responsible for transporting sugars from the leaves to the rest of the tree. However, the xylem would still have been functional initially, allowing the tree to continue to receive water and nutrients. Over time, however, the damage to the phloem would have caught up with the tree, ultimately causing its death.

Question 19

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as
A) dermal and ground tissue.
B) lateral tissues.
C) pith.
D) secondary tissues.
E) shoots and roots.

Accepted Answer

Lateral meristems, such as the vascular cambium and cork cambium, produce secondary tissues, which include secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.

Question 20

While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what can be inferred?
A) The differently colored plants will attract different pollinating insects.
B) The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues.
C) The colored regions were caused by mutations that occurred in the sepals.
D) The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.
E) More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the RNA probe produced colored spots specifically in the sepals of the plant indicates that the probe is specific to a gene that is active in the sepals.

Quiz 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that

Which of the following statements is false?

The following questions iare based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2. Figure 35.2 -A monocot stem is represented by

Figure 35.1 -Which of the following are true statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 35.1 above?

According to the ABC model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels?

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

Which of the following is a true statement?

The following questions iare based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2. Figure 35.2 -A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by

The following questions iare based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown in Figure 35.2. Figure 35.2 -A woody eudicot is represented by

A mutation allows only A gene activity in a developing flower. Which flower part(s) will develop in this plant?

The polarity of a plant is established when

Before differentiation can begin during the processes of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as

While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, what can be inferred?