When we ensure that the variation in the independent variable came before variation in the dependent variable, we have the criterion for proper

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Time ordering refers to the temporal sequence between the independent and dependent variables, where variation in the independent variable must come before variation in the dependent variable. This ensures that the independent variable is truly affecting the dependent variable, rather than some other variable causing both to change (spuriousness). Context and association are not related to this criterion.

When We Ensure That the Variation in the Independent Variable