Question 1

Studies of bias in the design of psychological research indicate that_______.
A) males are disproportionately represented as participants
B) females are disproportionately represented as participants, reflecting a fascination with the "mysteriousness" of women
C) a disproportionate amount of research has been done on disturbed women
D) males and females tend to be represented equally as participants

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have shown that males are overrepresented as participants in psychological research, leading to biased generalizations and assumptions about behavior and cognition.

Question 2

Using a single-gender sample and then interpreting the results as if they were true of all people is an example of ______.
A) the error of overgeneralization
B) a problem with imprecise psychological measurement
C) a particular kind of observer effect
D) a tendency to stereotype

Accepted Answer

This is the error of overgeneralization, which occurs when one draws conclusions about an entire population based on a non-representative sample or limited data. It is important to use diverse and representative samples in psychological research to avoid this type of error.

Question 3

The term for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with genitals or reproductive anatomy that are not typical of females or males is _______.
A) transgender
B) cisgender
C) gender binary
D) intersex

Accepted Answer

Intersex is the correct term for conditions in which a person is born with atypical genitals or reproductive anatomy. Transgender refers to a person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth, while cisgender refers to a person whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth. Gender binary refers to the societal construct of only recognizing two binary genders, male and female, while ignoring non-binary or genderqueer identities.

Question 4

The ______ is a system of conceptualizing gender as having two distinct and opposing groups or kinds, male and female.
A) gender binary
B) gender positivism
C) gender epistemology
D) gender identity

Accepted Answer

The gender binary is the system that divides gender into only two categories: male and female. This binary assumes that there are natural and essential differences between men and women, and that these differences dictate expectations for behavior, appearance, and roles in society.

Question 5

A study that compares two groups--males and females--on aggressive behavior is an example of a(n) ______.
A) experimental design
B) quasi-experimental design
C) case study
D) correlational study

Accepted Answer

The study compares two groups (males and females) but there is no manipulation of variables, so it cannot be an experimental design. There is no in-depth examination of a single case, so it cannot be a case study. There is no examination of the relationship between variables, so it cannot be a correlational study. Therefore, the only option left is a quasi-experimental design, which involves comparing two groups without manipulating variables.

Question 6

______ is the term for the belief that women should be honored, put on a pedestal, and viewed as pure beings who should be protected.
A) Benevolent sexism
B) Hostile sexism
C) Neosexism
D) Feminism

Accepted Answer

Benevolent sexism is the term for the belief that women should be honored, put on a pedestal, and viewed as pure beings who should be protected. It can come across as positive and chivalrous, but it also reinforces gender stereotypes and limits women's autonomy.

Question 7

In one study of adolescent girls' experiences with sexism, ______.
A) 23% had been discouraged in math, science, or computers by teachers and 32% had been discouraged by boys in these areas.
B) the results indicated that experiences of sexism are rare today.
C) 80% had been discouraged by teachers in math, science, or computers.
D) girls were more likely to receive discouraging messages from teachers than from boys.

Accepted Answer

According to the study, 23% of adolescent girls had been discouraged in math, science, or computers by teachers and 32% had been discouraged by boys in these areas. This indicates that both teachers and boys contribute to experiences of sexism for adolescent girls. The other answer choices are not supported by the information given in the question.

Question 8

Bias that recognizes a person's birth-assigned gender but not their gender identity is known as ______.
A) sexism
B) genderism
C) cisgenderism
D) identity bias

Accepted Answer

Cisgenderism refers to the bias or discrimination that occurs when someone's gender identity or expression does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. It privileges those who identify with the gender they were assigned at birth and marginalizes those who do not.

Question 9

Intersectionality is defined as _______.
A) a part of feminist theory
B) another term for modern sexism
C) an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity
D) both a part of feminist theory and an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity

Accepted Answer

Intersectionality is both a part of feminist theory and an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity. It recognizes that different types of oppression (such as race, gender, sexuality, and nationality) intersect and affect individuals differently based on their unique experiences and identities. It aims to understand and address the complexity of these interlocking systems of oppression.

Question 10

A definition of "psychological measurement" is
A) the process of assigning numbers to characteristics of people
B) quantitative research
C) qualitative research
D) an experiment

Accepted Answer

Psychological measurement is the process of assigning numbers to characteristics of people, such as personality traits, abilities, attitudes, and behaviors. This allows researchers to quantify these characteristics and analyze them statistically.

Question 11

"Feminist" can be defined as ______.
A) a person who wants more power for women
B) a person who favors more rights for women than for men
C) a person who conforms to the traditional role for women
D) a person who favors political, economic, and social equality of all people, regardless of gender

Accepted Answer

Feminism is the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes. A feminist is someone who supports the political, economic, and social equality of all genders. This includes the dismantling of patriarchy and traditional gender roles that limit opportunities and freedoms for women. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 12

Negative, resentful attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations are also known as ______.
A) neosexism
B) hostile sexism
C) benevolent sexism
D) feminism

Accepted Answer

Hostile sexism refers to negative and resentful attitudes towards women, and adversarial beliefs about gender relations. Neosexism and benevolent sexism are also types of sexism, but they refer to more subtle, and sometimes even positive, forms of sexism. Feminism is not a type of sexism, but rather a social and political movement that advocates for gender equality.

Question 13

The term "gender" refers to______.
A) the culturally imposed roles of males and females
B) the state of being male, female, both male and female, or neither male or female
C) social construction
D) biological aspects of masculinity and femininity

Accepted Answer

Gender refers to the state of being male, female, both male and female, or neither male or female, which is separate from biological sex. Gender is a social and cultural construct that includes characteristics, behaviors, and expectations that are associated with masculinity and femininity. While cultural roles and norms also contribute to gender, the inherent nature of gender is not imposed but rather a biological reality.

Question 14

A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled is called ______.
A) sampling bias
B) probability sampling
C) observer effect
D) overgeneralization

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralization occurs when the results of a study are applied to a broader population than the one actually sampled, leading to inaccurate or misleading conclusions. Sampling bias refers to the selection process of participants not being representative of the larger population, probability sampling is a method for selecting a sample that involves random selection, and observer effect refers to the potential for the presence of a researcher to influence the behavior of the participants being studied.

Question 15

Enrica had female anatomy at birth, was raised as a girl, and has a female identity. Enrica is a ______.
A) trans woman
B) heterosexual woman
C) cis woman
D) intersex woman

Accepted Answer

Enrica had female anatomy at birth and identifies as a woman, aligning with the gender she was assigned at birth. Therefore, she is a cisgender woman.

Question 16

In one study of experiences with sexism among adolescent girls, ______.
A) the results indicated that experiences of sexism are rare today.
B) girls were more likely to receive discouraging messages from boys than from teachers.
C) girls were more likely to be encouraged in math, science, or computers.
D) boys were more likely to be discouraged in athletics.

Accepted Answer

The study found that girls were more likely to receive discouraging messages from boys than from teachers, indicating that sexism is still present in adolescent girls' experiences. The other choices are not supported by the information given in the question.

Question 17

Today, old-fashioned sexism has been replaced by more covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women, also known as ______.
A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) modern sexism
D) ambivalent sexism

Accepted Answer

Modern sexism refers to more covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women, distinguishing it from the more overt or traditional forms of sexism.

Question 18

Modern sexism involves which of the following?
A) a denial that there is continuing discrimination against women
B) antagonistic feelings about women's "demands"
C) resentment about perceived special favors granted to women
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Modern sexism involves a denial that there is continuing discrimination against women, antagonistic feelings about women's "demands," and resentment about perceived special favors granted to women, making all the options given in the question correct.

Question 19

Professor Garcia is conducting research on conceptualization of femininity among African American women, Latinx women, Asian American women, Native American women, and White women. Professor Garcia is applying an approach called _______.
A) experimental design
B) overgeneralization
C) intersectionality
D) cross-sectionality

Accepted Answer

Professor Garcia is using an approach called intersectionality, which examines how different social identities intersect and create unique experiences of oppression and privilege. In this case, Professor Garcia is examining how femininity is conceptualized by examining the experiences of women with different racial and ethnic backgrounds.

Question 20

"Sexism" can be defined as ______.
A) harassment on the basis of gender
B) discrimination or bias against people based on their gender
C) men's negative attitudes toward women
D) women's negative attitudes toward men

Accepted Answer

Sexism refers to discrimination or bias against people based on their gender, regardless of whether it is directed towards men or women. Harassment is a form of sexism, but it does not encompass the entirety of what sexism can entail. The notion that only men can be sexist towards women is a common misconception - women can also perpetuate sexist attitudes and behaviors towards men.

Quiz 1: Introduction

Studies of bias in the design of psychological research indicate that_______.

Using a single-gender sample and then interpreting the results as if they were true of all people is an example of ______.

The term for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with genitals or reproductive anatomy that are not typical of females or males is _______.

The ______ is a system of conceptualizing gender as having two distinct and opposing groups or kinds, male and female.

A study that compares two groups--males and females--on aggressive behavior is an example of a(n) ______.

______ is the term for the belief that women should be honored, put on a pedestal, and viewed as pure beings who should be protected.

In one study of adolescent girls' experiences with sexism, ______.

Bias that recognizes a person's birth-assigned gender but not their gender identity is known as ______.

Intersectionality is defined as _______.

A definition of "psychological measurement" is

"Feminist" can be defined as ______.

Negative, resentful attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations are also known as ______.

The term "gender" refers to______.

A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled is called ______.

Enrica had female anatomy at birth, was raised as a girl, and has a female identity. Enrica is a ______.

In one study of experiences with sexism among adolescent girls, ______.

Today, old-fashioned sexism has been replaced by more covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women, also known as ______.

Modern sexism involves which of the following?

Professor Garcia is conducting research on conceptualization of femininity among African American women, Latinx women, Asian American women, Native American women, and White women. Professor Garcia is applying an approach called _______.

"Sexism" can be defined as ______.