Stanley Fish Argues Against Older Understandings of Media and Literature

Stanley Fish argues against older understandings of media and literature, which held that a text is unchanging and universal. He argues that each member of an audience can interpret or "create" a work, but he does not claim that each audience member has absolute freedom to interpret in unique ways because

A) each member of an audience is part of a larger interpretive community.
B) the author or creator of a work imposes their own ideas on the audience.
C) the "texts" an audience consumes are transmitted unaltered and absorbed straight into their consciousness.
D) the mass media can influence the public by the way stories are presented.