Question 1

Which measurement determines an individual's capacity to learn?

Accepted Answer

Intelligence tests are designed to measure an individual's cognitive abilities, including problem-solving, reasoning, and learning potential. While intelligence is not the only factor that contributes to learning, it has been shown to have a significant impact on an individual's ability to acquire and retain new information.

Question 2

Assessing multiple intelligences requires ______.

Accepted Answer

Assessing multiple intelligences involves observing and evaluating an individual across a variety of activities and contexts to determine their strengths and weaknesses in different areas. This cannot be achieved through tests or physical measurements alone, but requires extended observations and interactions. Genetic tests are also not relevant for this purpose.

Question 3

Which portion of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is thought to be less influenced by culture?

Accepted Answer

Visual spatial reasoning is thought to be less influenced by culture compared to other aspects of intelligence, such as vocabulary and knowledge, which can be influenced by factors such as language and education. Factual information also has cultural influences, as different cultures may prioritize different types of knowledge.

Question 4

People in nonwestern cultures without formal schooling tend to rely on which type of memory skills?

Accepted Answer

People in nonwestern cultures without formal schooling tend to rely on spatial cues, such as using geographic landmarks or locational relationships, instead of utilizing memory techniques like elaboration, organization, or rehearsal which are more commonly used in Western cultures.

Question 5

Deni, a child with a speech disorder, is taking a test that measures verbal comprehension, such as vocabulary, and nonverbal measures including perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. When her scores come back, what area is going to be emphasized as a potential strength in her assessment?

Accepted Answer

Nonverbal measures require little to no language proficiency, making them more accessible for individuals with speech disorders. This means that Deni may perform relatively well on these measures, emphasizing them as a potential strength in her assessment.

Question 6

Bodily-kinesthetic, verbal-linguistic, and musical intellects are all part of ______.

Accepted Answer

Bodily-kinesthetic, verbal-linguistic, and musical intellects are all part of Gardner multiple intelligences theory. Traditional IQ tests typically only measure logical-mathematical and verbal-linguistic intelligence. The Flynn effect refers to the phenomenon of increased average intelligence test scores over time. The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes three types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative.

Question 7

Howard Gardner views intelligence as ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, intelligence is the ability to solve problems or create culturally valued products, and it is not limited to what can be learned in formal schooling or measured through IQ tests. Gardner also emphasizes that intelligence is not solely determined by genetics, but is shaped by environmental and cultural factors as well.

Question 8

What is the most widely used individually administered intelligence test for children?

Accepted Answer

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) is the most widely used individually administered intelligence test for children. It assesses cognitive abilities and provides subtest scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.

Question 9

A consistent and controversial finding is that children in which group tends to score 10-15 below White American children?

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have consistently found that African American children tend to score lower on standardized tests compared to White American children. This achievement gap has been a topic of controversy and debate.

Question 10

Latino and Native American children tending to do better on nonverbal tasks demonstrates that which factor plays a role in group IQ test findings?

Accepted Answer

The language of the majority culture can influence group IQ test findings, as tests are often designed with the majority language in mind, potentially disadvantaging those from minority cultures.

Question 11

Carter is studying for his biology exam. He is trying to remember the process of photosynthesis so he creates a story about a flower growing in a field that includes the flower taking in sunlight. What memory strategy is he using?

Accepted Answer

Carter is using elaboration, which involves creating a meaningful connection between new information and existing knowledge or memories. By creating a story about a flower growing in a field, he is linking the process of photosynthesis to a familiar and memorable scenario.

Question 12

Which example illustrates Gardner's bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Gardner's bodily-kinesthetic intelligence involves the ability to use one's physical body skillfully, as seen in Michael's talent for dance and choreography.

Question 13

Over the past 60 years, intelligence scores have increased by about 9 points for measures of general knowledge and 15 points for nonverbal measures of fluid reasoning. This is known as the ______.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon of increasing intelligence scores over time is known as the Flynn effect, named after researcher James Flynn who first identified it. The other answer choices are not accurate descriptions of this phenomenon.

Question 14

Which term means systematically repeating information in order to retain it in working memory?

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is the process of systematically repeating information in order to retain it in working memory.

Question 15

Impoverished children's IQ scores tend to be most influenced by their ______.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that impoverished children's IQ scores are most influenced by their disadvantaged contexts, including factors such as nutrition, exposure to stress and toxins, and lack of access to educational resources. While genes can also contribute to IQ, environmental factors have been found to play a larger role in determining intelligence levels among children living in poverty. Screen time and siblings may have some impact on IQ scores, but are not generally considered to be the primary factors affecting intelligence levels in disadvantaged children.

Question 16

The Flynn effect occurs because of ______.

Accepted Answer

The Flynn effect refers to the increase in IQ scores over time, and it is believed to be due in large part to changes in education and environmental stimulation. As educational opportunities and access to information have increased, people have become better at cognitive tasks that are measured in IQ tests, resulting in higher scores overall. Maturation and genetics may also play a role, but they are not the primary explanation for the Flynn effect. Higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder would actually be expected to decrease IQ scores, rather than increase them.

Question 17

Which part of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children enables children with speech disorders and those who have a language other than English to be fairly assessed?

Accepted Answer

The nonverbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, such as the Block Design and Matrix Reasoning tests, do not rely heavily on language and are therefore more accessible to children with speech disorders and non-English speakers.

Question 18

Which age can children start accurately evaluating their knowledge and applying it to learn more effectively?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children at the age of 8-9 start to develop metacognitive skills, which allows them to accurately evaluate their knowledge and adapt their learning strategies accordingly.

Question 19

The view that intellect is a set of mental abilities that permit individuals to adapt to any context and to select and modify the contexts in which they live and behave is ______.

Accepted Answer

This view of intellect is consistent with the triarchic theory of intelligence, which asserts that intelligence consists of three aspects: analytical, practical, and creative abilities that enable individuals to adapt to any context and change their environment. The other options (A, B, and D) do not fully capture this idea. Cognitive development refers to the process of how intellectual abilities develop over time. Multiple intelligences theory proposes that intelligence is not a single ability but rather consists of multiple types of intelligences, such as musical or bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior, but it does not necessarily connect directly to the idea that intelligence is a set of mental abilities that facilitate adaptation and selection of contexts.

Question 20

A correlation between IQ and schooling is that IQ ______.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that IQ is an indicator of potential academic achievement and school success. Higher IQ scores have been found to be associated with better grades and a greater likelihood of staying in school. However, it should be noted that IQ alone cannot be used as a predictor of academic achievement and success as it is only one factor among many that contribute to these outcomes.

Quiz 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood