Question 1

Cross-sectional studies show that the cardiovascular variable responsible for the large variation in VO₂ max in the normal population is maximal

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies indicate that stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction) is the primary cardiovascular variable responsible for the large variation in VO₂ max in the normal population. Other variables, such as heart rate, arteriovenous O₂ difference, and systolic blood pressure, do not show such a strong correlation with VO₂ max.

Question 2

In order to achieve improvements in VO₂ max, highly trained individuals may need to train at intensities of

Accepted Answer

Highly trained individuals often require training at very high intensities, close to their maximum capacity, to stimulate further improvements in VO₂ max.

Question 3

Which of the following training adaptations does not result in lower lactate production?

Accepted Answer

Increased glycogen utilization leads to more glycolysis, which can result in higher lactate production, not lower.

Question 4

In the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the gains in strength are due primarily to

Accepted Answer

During the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the nervous system undergoes neural adaptations, allowing the individual to better recruit their existing muscle fibers. This typically results in improved strength without a significant increase in muscle size (hypertrophy). Therefore, gains in strength during this early phase are primarily due to neural adaptations.

Question 5

Following training, if the increase in maximal cardiac output is balanced with a decrease in peripheral resistance, the mean arterial blood pressure will

Accepted Answer

If there is a balanced increase in maximal cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute) and a decrease in peripheral resistance (the amount of force that the blood vessels exert on the blood flowing through them), then the mean arterial blood pressure (the average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle) will remain the same. This is because the increase in cardiac output is counteracted by the decrease in resistance, resulting in no net change to the pressure.

Question 6

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

Accepted Answer

The principle of specificity suggests that training adaptations are specific to the type of training performed. In this case, the endurance training resulted in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle, which is a specific adaptation to aerobic exercise. However, there was no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity, which suggests that this type of training did not improve anaerobic capacity.

Question 7

The increase in VO₂ max following training is caused by an increase in

Accepted Answer

The increase in VO₂ max following training is caused by both maximal stroke volume and maximal a-vO₂ difference. This is because training can lead to an increase in the volume of blood pumped with each beat (stroke volume) as well as an increase in the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood by the working muscles (a-vO₂ difference). Maximal heart rate may also increase with training, but it is not the sole contributor to the increase in VO₂ max.

Question 8

In terms of the factors that limit VO₂ max, improvements elicited by endurance training generally first affect ____________, and then ___________ after several weeks/months.

Accepted Answer

Endurance training initially improves cardiac output, which results in an increase in VO₂ max. After several weeks/months, improvements in the a-vO₂ difference occur due to increased capillary density and muscle mitochondria, leading to a higher extraction of oxygen by the working muscles. Therefore, option B is the correct choice.

Question 9

The increase in the maximal a-vO₂ difference is due to all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

An increase in hemoglobin would not directly cause an increase in the maximal a-vO₂ difference. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood, but it does not affect the amount of oxygen that can be taken up and utilized by the muscle. On the other hand, an increase in mitochondria or capillaries in the muscle would increase the amount of oxygen that can be utilized and therefore increase the maximal a-vO₂ difference. Therefore, D is incorrect as well.

Question 10

The changes in the heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower after an endurance training program. These changes are due primarily to changes in the

Accepted Answer

The changes in heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate after an endurance training program are primarily due to changes in the active skeletal muscles. Endurance training improves the muscles' ability to extract and utilize oxygen, reducing the need for an increased heart rate and ventilation during exercise.

Question 11

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

Accepted Answer

Training the muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel will result in decreased lactate formation because the muscle is relying more on oxidative metabolism rather than glycolytic metabolism. This also leads to decreased utilization of muscle glycogen as the muscle is using more fatty acids. Sparing of blood glucose occurs because the muscle is using fatty acids instead of glucose for energy, which allows for more glucose to be available for other organs or during high-intensity exercise. Therefore, all of the above are correct.

Question 12

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO₂ max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO₂ max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that training can increase VO₂ max in individuals, but genetic factors also play a role in determining one's maximum capacity for endurance exercise. While elite athletes have a particularly high VO₂ max, not everyone has the genetic potential to reach that level even with training.

Question 13

Following an endurance training program, the oxygen deficit is smaller when the subject does the same work task. This is due to

Accepted Answer

Endurance training leads to increases in the number of mitochondria and capillaries within the muscles. This allows for more efficient use of oxygen during exercise, resulting in a smaller oxygen deficit. Increased cardiac output and heart rate may occur during exercise, but are not the main reasons why the oxygen deficit is smaller. Anaerobic capacity may also increase with training, but this would not lead to a smaller oxygen deficit.

Question 14

The systematic process in which the volume and intensity of training are varied over time is

Accepted Answer

The systematic process of varying volume and intensity of training over time is called periodization. This helps prevent plateaus and overtraining by providing different physiological stresses on the body throughout the training cycle. Option A (afterload) refers to the resistance that the heart must overcome to pump blood out of the chamber and is not relevant in this context. Option B (overload) is a concept that relates to exceeding the current capacity of the body to drive adaptations, and while it is related to periodization, it is not the same thing as a systematic process of varying training volume and intensity over time. Option C (specificity) is the principle that the body adapts specifically to the demands placed on it, which is relevant to periodization but does not capture the full concept.

Question 15

Lactate removal is greater following an endurance training program because blood flow to muscle is decreased, and liver blood flow is increased at the same work rate.

Accepted Answer

Lactate removal is greater following an endurance training program because blood flow to muscle is increased, and liver blood flow is increased at the same work rate.

Question 16

Following endurance training, maximal stroke volume is enhanced by an increased

Accepted Answer

Endurance training enhances maximal stroke volume primarily through increased venous return, which increases the end-diastolic volume and thus the stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling mechanism.

Question 17

Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles.

Accepted Answer

Endurance training leads to adaptations in the muscular and cardiovascular systems, including increased capillary density, enhanced mitochondrial function, and decreased sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of exercising muscles. This results in a decrease in afterload during maximal exercise, allowing for more efficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to the muscles.

Question 18

In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO₂ max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation leads to a decrease in vascular resistance, which in turn decreases mean arterial blood pressure. If both legs were to vasodilate to the extent seen in a one-legged VO₂ max test, the overall decrease in vascular resistance could lead to a drop in mean arterial blood pressure below normal levels.

Question 19

Following endurance training, maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in ventricular muscle tissue thickness.

Accepted Answer

Endurance training increases stroke volume, not ventricular muscle thickness.

Question 20

The average VO₂ max value for the young male sedentary population is

Accepted Answer

The answer of The average VO₂ max value for the...

Quiz 14: The Physiology of Training: Effect on Vo2 Max, Performance, and Strength

Cross-sectional studies show that the cardiovascular variable responsible for the large variation in VO₂ max in the normal population is maximal

In order to achieve improvements in VO₂ max, highly trained individuals may need to train at intensities of

Which of the following training adaptations does not result in lower lactate production?

In the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the gains in strength are due primarily to

Following training, if the increase in maximal cardiac output is balanced with a decrease in peripheral resistance, the mean arterial blood pressure will

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

The increase in VO₂ max following training is caused by an increase in

In terms of the factors that limit VO₂ max, improvements elicited by endurance training generally first affect __, and then _ after several weeks/months.

The increase in the maximal a-vO₂ difference is due to all of the following except:

The changes in the heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower after an endurance training program. These changes are due primarily to changes in the

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO₂ max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO₂ max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

Following an endurance training program, the oxygen deficit is smaller when the subject does the same work task. This is due to

The systematic process in which the volume and intensity of training are varied over time is

Lactate removal is greater following an endurance training program because blood flow to muscle is decreased, and liver blood flow is increased at the same work rate.

Following endurance training, maximal stroke volume is enhanced by an increased

Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles.

In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO₂ max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

Following endurance training, maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in ventricular muscle tissue thickness.

The average VO₂ max value for the young male sedentary population is

Quiz 14: The Physiology of Training: Effect on Vo2 Max, Performance, and Strength

Cross-sectional studies show that the cardiovascular variable responsible for the large variation in VO2 max in the normal population is maximal

In order to achieve improvements in VO2 max, highly trained individuals may need to train at intensities of

Which of the following training adaptations does not result in lower lactate production?

In the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the gains in strength are due primarily to

Following training, if the increase in maximal cardiac output is balanced with a decrease in peripheral resistance, the mean arterial blood pressure will

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

The increase in VO2 max following training is caused by an increase in

In terms of the factors that limit VO2 max, improvements elicited by endurance training generally first affect ____________, and then ___________ after several weeks/months.

The increase in the maximal a-vO2 difference is due to all of the following except:

The changes in the heart rate and ventilatory responses to a fixed submaximal work rate are lower after an endurance training program. These changes are due primarily to changes in the

The enhanced capacity of the trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO2 max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO2 max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

Following an endurance training program, the oxygen deficit is smaller when the subject does the same work task. This is due to

The systematic process in which the volume and intensity of training are varied over time is

Lactate removal is greater following an endurance training program because blood flow to muscle is decreased, and liver blood flow is increased at the same work rate.

Following endurance training, maximal stroke volume is enhanced by an increased

Following endurance training, afterload decreases during maximal exercise because there is a decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in the arterioles of the exercising muscles.

In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO2 max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

Following endurance training, maximal cardiac output during exercise is increased due to an increase in ventricular muscle tissue thickness.

The average VO2 max value for the young male sedentary population is

Cross-sectional studies show that the cardiovascular variable responsible for the large variation in VO₂ max in the normal population is maximal

In order to achieve improvements in VO₂ max, highly trained individuals may need to train at intensities of

The increase in VO₂ max following training is caused by an increase in

In terms of the factors that limit VO₂ max, improvements elicited by endurance training generally first affect __, and then _ after several weeks/months.

The increase in the maximal a-vO₂ difference is due to all of the following except:

Research indicates that anyone can increase his or her VO₂ max with training, yet a genetic predisposition is required to have a VO₂ max comparable to that of an elite endurance athlete.

In a "two-legged" maximal cycle ergometer test, if each leg were to vasodilate to the extent experienced in a one-legged VO₂ max test, mean arterial blood pressure would fall below normal levels.

The average VO₂ max value for the young male sedentary population is