Question 1

What is the most accurate way to describe the cause of an intellectual disability?

Accepted Answer

Intellectual disabilities can stem from a variety of causes, including genetic and environmental factors. There are hundreds of known causes, making it difficult to pinpoint a single source for every case.

Question 2

Kathy has deficient writing skills.Her writing is characterized by numerous errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar, and she has difficulty in composing sentences and paragraphs.Although she is only eight years old, she lags behind her classmates in writing skills.Which disorder does Kathy have?

Accepted Answer

Kathy has symptoms of disorder of written expression, as she has difficulty composing sentences and paragraphs and struggles with spelling, punctuation, and grammar. This disorder often becomes noticeable in early school years, which matches Kathy's situation.

Question 3

What are the four levels of intellectual disability identified in the DSM-5?

Accepted Answer

The four levels of intellectual disability identified in the DSM-5 are mild, moderate, severe, and profound. Option A lists these four levels correctly. Option B is incorrect as it uses outdated terminology, and options C and D are not recognized terminology for levels of intellectual disability.

Question 4

Research John Connolly put forth provides evidence for a neurobiological cause of dyslexia.What did his research show?

Accepted Answer

John Connolly's research provided evidence that people with dyslexia have weaker or delayed neural responses when reading compared to controls, suggesting a neurobiological cause for this learning disability.

Question 5

What has cross-cultural research indicated about autism spectrum disorder?

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has indicated that autism spectrum disorder is universal across cultures and countries, with prevalence rates ranging from 1 in 100 to 1 in 160 children worldwide. While there may be some cultural differences in how autism symptoms are expressed or perceived, the core characteristics of the disorder are consistent across different cultures.

Question 6

Four-year-old Ava has just been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.Her parents ask a specialist how likely it is that Ava will develop speech.What does the specialist tell them?

Accepted Answer

The majority of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do develop speech. The current understanding is that approximately three out of every four children with ASD will develop speech proficiency. This statistic reflects the variability in the autism spectrum, where many individuals can learn to communicate effectively with the right support and interventions.

Question 7

Which of the following is characterized by involuntary motor movements called tics?

Accepted Answer

Tourette's disorder is characterized by involuntary motor movements called tics, which can include vocalizations (such as grunting or shouting) as well as physical movements (such as facial twitches or rapid blinking). Coprolalia, which involves using obscene or socially inappropriate language, is a specific type of vocal tic that may occur in some individuals with Tourette's disorder, but not all. Autistic disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by social and communication difficulties, while selective mutism is an anxiety disorder in which an individual consistently fails to speak in social situations despite having the ability to do so in other contexts.

Question 8

What is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). It is characterized by intellectual disability, self-injurious behavior, gout, and other neurological and behavioral symptoms.

Question 9

For which disorder has the historical treatment for those suffering from it been described as shameful?

Accepted Answer

The historical treatment of individuals with intellectual disability has been described as shameful due to the widespread practice of institutionalizing them in inhumane conditions, performing unnecessary surgeries such as lobotomies, and preventing them from living fulfilling lives integrated into society. Other options may also have a stigma attached to them, but the term "shameful" specifically points towards the mistreatment of individuals with intellectual disability.

Question 10

Which intervention strategy is the most effective treatment for reading disorders?

Accepted Answer

The strategy and phonology program would be the most effective treatment for reading disorders as it combines both phonological training (addressing the sound-symbol correspondence) and strategy training (teaching students to use effective reading strategies). This combined approach has been shown to produce the most significant gains in reading ability. The goal-setting program may be helpful for motivating students and facilitating goal-directed behavior, but it is not a primary intervention for directly addressing reading difficulties.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is most often associated with ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most often associated with ADHD. Research has shown that individuals with ADHD have lower levels of dopamine in certain areas of the brain that are involved in motivation, attention, and reward processing. Stimulant medications used to treat ADHD, such as Ritalin and Adderall, work by increasing dopamine levels in these areas, leading to improvements in attention and focus.

Question 12

Johnny is a two-year-old boy who is not motivated to interact with other people.His absence of interest in people may also lead to severe deficits in certain abilities.Which of the following is one such ability?

Accepted Answer

Communication is a crucial ability that is often affected when a child lacks motivation to interact with people. Without adequate social interaction, Johnny may struggle to develop language and communication skills, which can have long-term effects on his ability to communicate effectively with others.

Question 13

Marcus is unresponsive to most social stimuli.He rarely smiles, talks, or makes eye contact with others.He seems indifferent to everyone, including his parents.He engages in solitary, ritualistic behaviours.He sometimes goes into sudden tantrums or panics.He also insists on the same familiar food each day.What condition does Marcus appear to have?

Accepted Answer

Marcus displays characteristics consistent with Autism Spectrum Disorder, including social communication deficits, repetitive behaviors, sensory issues, and insistence on sameness. Childhood schizophrenia, while also involving communication and social deficits, typically includes hallucinations and delusions, which are not mentioned in Marcus's description. Impulsivity and avoidant disorder do not match his symptoms.

Question 14

Daniel shows hyperactivity but not inattention.What will a psychiatrist say when Daniel is assessed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Accepted Answer

For a diagnosis of ADHD, symptoms must be present in either the inattention cluster or the hyperactivity/impulsivity cluster, according to the DSM-5 criteria. Daniel showing symptoms in the hyperactivity cluster meets this requirement.

Question 15

How does attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop as children grow into adulthood?

Accepted Answer

While specific symptoms of ADHD may remain relatively stable, as children with ADHD grow into adulthood, the manifestations of the disorder tend to change. Many problems often persist, such as difficulties with executive functioning, organization, focus, and impulse control. However, hyperactive behavior may reduce in adulthood, and those with ADHD may develop coping mechanisms to aid them in managing symptoms.

Question 16

Jack is a 12-year-old boy whose IQ score indicates he is of average intelligence.He loves school and works hard on his homework.Jack has A's in all his subjects except a C in math.Does Jack have a learning disorder and, if so, which one?

Accepted Answer

Jack's achievement is consistent with expectations based on his intelligence, so he does not appear to have a learning disorder.

Question 17

Monty is a three-year-old boy who has recently been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.He appears completely unresponsive to his parents and shows no indication of any language development.Monty seems uninterested in communication of any kind, and he has rituals-such as lining up his toys and realigning them every few minutes.If interrupted, he becomes hysterical.Monty's IQ score was extremely low.Why can we expect his prognosis to be poor?

Accepted Answer

Lack of language acquisition and low IQ are two of the hallmark symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Research has shown that early intervention and intensive therapy can improve outcomes for individuals with ASD, but Monty's lack of response to his parents and extreme reactions to disruption suggest that he may have a more severe form of the disorder that will make progress more challenging. Additionally, the fact that he is only three years old and has already been diagnosed with ASD suggests that his symptoms may be quite severe, which may contribute to a poorer prognosis.

Question 18

Tiara is an adolescent with a learning disorder.Tiara may be particularly vulnerable to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tiara is an adolescent with a learning...

Question 19

Researchers have found that children with a specific mutation involving the dopamine system (the DAT1 genotype) were more likely to exhibit the symptoms of ADHD if they were exposed to which of the following during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Children with the DAT1 genotype who were exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy were more likely to exhibit symptoms of ADHD.

Question 20

Mrs.Farthington is starting as a principal at a new school with 1000 students.About how many children with ADHD can she expect to be students at her school?

Accepted Answer

According to the CDC, the estimated percentage of children with ADHD in the United States is approximately 10%. Therefore, Mrs. Farthington can expect about 1000 x 0.10 = 100 students with ADHD. Since none of the answer choices match this exact number, the closest choice is B, which is 35. However, this number may vary depending on the specific demographics of the school.

Quiz 15: Neurocognitive Disorders