An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

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Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli that are not under the organism's control, such as the association between the sound of a bell and the presentation of food in Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs. Negative reinforcement involves increasing a behavior through the removal of an aversive stimuli, extrinsic motivation involves being motivated by external rewards or factors, and shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

An Organism Learns Associations Between Events It Does Not Control