Question 1

Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, creative, and ________ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical (academic), creative, and practical (real-world) intelligence. The other options (spatial, musical, and interpersonal) are types of intelligence identified by other theories, such as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Sternberg's theory of intelligence includes practical intelligence as the third aspect in addition to analytical and creative intelligence. Practical intelligence refers to the ability to apply knowledge to real-world situations and to adapt to new situations. This type of intelligence is often associated with "street smarts" and the ability to navigate everyday tasks and challenges successfully. Spatial intelligence and musical intelligence are not included in Sternberg's theory, and while interpersonal intelligence is important, it is not the third aspect identified by Sternberg.

Question 2

Research on the determinants of intelligence indicates that

Accepted Answer

Research on the determinants of intelligence has consistently shown that both genes and environment play a role in determining intelligence scores. While there is no precise way to measure the exact degree to which genetics versus environment contribute to intelligence, twin studies and adoption studies provide evidence of a genetic component. However, environment also plays a significant role in shaping intelligence, including factors such as prenatal nutrition, education, and cultural background. The idea that intelligence is solely determined by either genetics or environment is outdated and has not been supported by research.

Question 3

Research indicates that Head Start programs

Accepted Answer

Research shows that Head Start programs do promote aptitude benefits, but these gains tend to dissipate over time. Therefore, option C is the most accurate. Options A and D are incorrect as they are not supported by research. Option B is partially incorrect, as some studies have found long-term gains in intelligence test scores, but this is not consistently observed across all studies.

Question 4

Psychologists generally agree that intelligence test scores are ________ in terms of being sensitive to differences caused by cultural experiences and are ________ in terms of their predictive validity for different groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologists generally agree that intelligence test scores...

Question 5

One of the 15 subtests included in the latest edition of the ________ involves remembering and correctly sequencing series of numbers and letters.

Accepted Answer

The subtest described is most likely referring to the Digit Span or Letter-Number Sequencing subtests included in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), a widely used intelligence test. The SAT and GRE are college admissions tests, and the Stanford-Binet is another intelligence test but does not include Digit Span or Letter-Number Sequencing as subtests. The WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) is a commonly used intelligence test that includes 15 subtests, one of which involves recalling and sequencing numbers and letters. The SAT and GRE are college entrance exams, and the Stanford-Binet is another IQ test but does not necessarily include this specific subtest.

Question 6

Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence, which is the knowledge and skills acquired through experience and education, tends to increase during early and middle adulthood. On the other hand, fluid intelligence, which is the ability to solve novel problems and think abstractly, tends to peak during late adolescence or early adulthood and then gradually decline. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Crystallized intelligence, which refers to the accumulation of knowledge and skills, typically increases during early and middle adulthood as individuals gain more experience and expertise in their field or in life in general. On the other hand, fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability to reason and solve problems in novel situations, tends to decline during this time as brain function and processing speed naturally slow down with age.

Question 7

Research on racial differences in intelligence indicates that

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that Black Americans score lower on average than White Americans on intelligence tests. However, it is important to note that intelligence is a complex and multi-dimensional construct, and test scores cannot fully capture a person's intellectual abilities or potential. It is also important to acknowledge the role of social and environmental factors, such as systemic racism and poverty, in shaping educational and cognitive outcomes.

Question 8

One component of emotional intelligence involves

Accepted Answer

One component of emotional intelligence is the ability to accurately predict when your own or others' emotions are about to change. This allows individuals to better regulate their own emotions and to empathize with others. Options A, B, and D do not accurately reflect components of emotional intelligence. The ability to predict accurately when feelings are about to change is a component of emotional intelligence known as emotional self-awareness.

Question 9

Researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on alternate forms of the same test in order to measure the ________ of the test.

Accepted Answer

The correlation between scores obtained on alternate forms of the same test is a measure of the consistency and stability of the test, which is known as its reliability. Content validity refers to whether a test measures what it is intended to measure, while predictive validity assesses whether a test is able to accurately predict future outcomes. Normal distribution is a statistical phenomenon that refers to a bell-shaped curve of scores. When researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on alternate forms of the same test, they are measuring the consistency and stability of the test, which is known as reliability. Content validity refers to the extent to which a test measures the intended construct or content, while predictive validity refers to the ability of a test to predict future outcomes. Normal distribution is not directly related to assessing the correlation between scores on alternate forms of a test.

Question 10

Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that

Accepted Answer

Isaiah's ability to calculate the day of the week for any year in the century, despite having a low intelligence score, is indicative of savant syndrome. People with savant syndrome have extraordinary abilities in a particular area, despite their overall intellectual disability. In this case, Isaiah's savant skill is his ability to calculate the day of the week. This shows that intelligence tests may not always capture certain types of intelligence, such as the ability for mental calculation. Isaiah's ability to calculate the day of the week for any year in this century indicates that he possesses an exceptional skill in a specific area, which is one of the defining characteristics of savant syndrome. Despite his low intelligence score, he is able to perform this task accurately, suggesting that his intelligence test may not be a valid measure of his overall abilities. This scenario does not necessarily imply anything about the effectiveness of intelligence tests in general, and there is no evidence to support the idea that Isaiah excels in divergent thinking or that intelligence tests are better at measuring verbal intelligence than mathematical intelligence.

Question 11

On which of the following tasks are men most likely to outperform women?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that, on average, men have a better ability to mentally rotate three-dimensional objects, which is a spatial skill. This may be due in part to hormonal differences and upbringing, as boys are often encouraged to engage in activities that enhance spatial abilities, such as playing with construction toys. However, it is important to note that there is significant overlap in spatial abilities between men and women, and individual differences are more important than gender differences. Studies have shown that men tend to perform better than women on mentally rotating three-dimensional objects. This is a skill that is often used in fields such as engineering and mathematics.

Question 12

Psychologists would be likely to agree that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologists would be likely to agree that
...

Question 13

One scholar has speculated that a genetic phenomenon comparable to "hybrid vigor" in plants and animals might have contributed to

Accepted Answer

The Flynn effect refers to the observed increase in average intelligence test scores over time. One theorized explanation for this phenomenon is that genetic factors for intelligence are being combined in new and advantageous ways through increased intermarriage and greater genetic diversity in the population, analogous to hybrid vigor in plants and animals. The Flynn effect is the phenomenon where the average IQ scores increase over generations. It has been hypothesized that this is due to a genetic phenomenon comparable to hybrid vigor, where the combination of genes from different populations results in improved traits.

Question 14

On which of the following tasks are women most likely to perform as well or better than men?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that women tend to have better verbal recall and language skills, which could give them an advantage in reciting poetry. There is evidence to suggest that women are more skilled in verbal tasks, such as reciting poetry, than men.

Question 15

Sorina has a mental age of 10 and an IQ of 125 as measured by the Stanford- Binet. Sorina's chronological age is

Accepted Answer

IQ is calculated as (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100. So, 125 = (10/Chronological Age) x 100. Solving for Chronological Age gives 8.

Question 16

Research participants have been exposed to an incomplete stimulus followed by a masking image in order to assess

Accepted Answer

Exposing research participants to an incomplete stimulus followed by a masking image is a common method for assessing perceptual speed, which is the ability to quickly and accurately process information in the environment. This task involves briefly presenting a stimulus that is then rapidly masked by another visual display, typically preventing conscious awareness of the initial stimulus. Participants are then asked to identify or discriminate aspects of the initial stimulus.

Question 17

Six-year-old Julie performs on an intelligence test at the same level as an average 8-year-old. Julie's mental age is

Accepted Answer

Julie's mental age is 8 because she performs at the level of an average 8-year-old.

Question 18

Self-fulfilling expectations are most likely to be triggered by

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat is the phenomenon where individuals perform worse on a task when they are made aware of a negative stereotype about a group they belong to. This can result in self-fulfilling expectations as individuals may internalize this stereotype and perform worse on subsequent tasks.

Question 19

Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's specific mental abilities as

Accepted Answer

Spearman referred to this general capacity as the "g factor," which he believed was responsible for a person's overall intellectual performance across a variety of tasks. The other answer choices are not accurate descriptions of Spearman's concept.

Question 20

People who make outstanding creative contributions to the arts or sciences are most likely to

Accepted Answer

While creativity is not solely dependent on intelligence, studies have shown a correlation between above-average scores on intelligence tests and outstanding creative contributions in fields such as the arts or sciences. This suggests that individuals with above-average intelligence may have the cognitive capacity to generate unique and innovative ideas that contribute to their field. While sensitivity to criticism and motivation for fame and fortune may play a role in some individuals' creative contributions, there is no consistent evidence to support these factors. However, research has shown a positive correlation between high intelligence and creative achievement in both the arts and sciences. Therefore, choice B is the most likely option. Savant syndrome, a condition where individuals with disabilities display exceptional abilities in specific areas, may contribute to creative achievement in rare cases, but it is not a common factor.

Quiz 10: Thinking and Language