Question 1

Of the following,the food choice that contains the least sodium is

Accepted Answer

The food choice that contains the least sodium is corn on the cob.Of all these forms of corn,this is the least processed.Food processing usually involves addition of sodium.

Question 2

Secondary magnesium deficiency is most likely to occur in

Accepted Answer

Secondary magnesium deficiency may occur with excessive vomiting and diarrhea.Primary magnesium deficiency is rare;deficiency is not usually related to poor intake,and fruits and vegetables are not the only good sources of magnesium.Type 1 diabetes and dehydration due to heat exposure do not cause magnesium deficiency.

Question 3

It would be most difficult for the body to maintain homeostasis if over several days someone had an inadequate intake of

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis is maintenance of physiologic equilibrium within the body.All of these minerals help maintain homeostasis,but inadequate intake of sodium over just a few days would have the most effect.Sodium is an electrolyte and is important for maintaining fluid balance in the body.If calcium intake is inadequate,the body can draw on reserves in bone;if iron intake is inadequate,the body has some reserves in the spleen,and so body homeostasis would not be affected unless the deficiency continued long term.Fluoride deficiency may cause dental caries and may affect bone density,but this is also a long-term effect and would not affect the body over a few days.

Question 4

Lifestyle changes that may help prevent development of osteoporosis include

Accepted Answer

Taking a 30-minute walk most days may help prevent development of osteoporosis because regular exercise stimulates an increase in bone density.Eating vegetable versus animal protein,increasing intake of fruit,and use of multivitamin supplements with adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D are unlikely to prevent osteoporosis (although they may have other health benefits).

Question 5

An example of a food with high levels of phosphorus is

Accepted Answer

Foods high in phosphorus include dairy foods (such as cheese).Many processed convenience foods and soft drinks also contain phosphorus as additives.Fruits,vegetables,and rice are not good sources of phosphorus.

Question 6

Long-term dietary calcium intake has the greatest effect on

Accepted Answer

Long-term dietary calcium intake affects bone calcium levels.Calcium does not affect body temperature.The body maintains steady levels of calcium in the blood and muscles,using calcium from bone if dietary intake is insufficient.

Question 7

If a patient complained of muscle weakness,confusion,decreased appetite,and irregular heartbeat,it would be important to check blood levels of

Accepted Answer

These symptoms are typical of a possible blood potassium level that is either too low or too high;both conditions can be very dangerous.Low sodium levels cause headache,muscle cramps,weakness,reduced ability to concentrate,and loss of memory and appetite;high sodium levels may cause edema and hypertension.High calcium levels cause weakness,lack of energy,poor appetite,nausea and vomiting,constipation,or bone pain;low blood calcium levels cause muscle cramps,spasms,and twitching and tingling in the fingers and around the mouth.Symptoms of magnesium deficiency include twitching of muscles,muscle weakness,and convulsions;symptoms of magnesium overload are long-term diarrhea and dehydration.

Question 8

If an athlete ran a marathon,sweated profusely,and drank only water with some sugar to replace fluids and carbohydrate,his or her body would increase secretion of

Accepted Answer

The body would respond to loss of sodium in sweat by releasing the hormone aldosterone;this would prompt the kidney to decrease sodium excretion.During a marathon,the body may produce adrenaline in response to stress,but this would not address the problem of fluid and energy replacement without sodium replacement.Alanine is an amino acid and has no effect on sodium balance.ADH causes the kidneys to decrease water excretion but does not affect sodium excretion.

Question 9

Interstitial fluid is the body fluid

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid is the body fluid between the cells.The fluid within the cells is intracellular fluid;the fluid outside the cells is extracellular fluid;the fluid in the bloodstream is blood plasma.

Question 10

If an elderly client who lives alone and has a limited income has edema,it would be important to evaluate his or her dietary intake of sodium and

Accepted Answer

Edema may be caused by high intake of sodium or inadequate intake of protein if protein levels in the body become so low that cellular fluid levels become imbalanced.Edema is not related to dietary intake of calcium,chloride,or potassium.

Question 11

If someone took a 6-hour car ride in an air-conditioned vehicle without making any bathroom stops,they weigh less at the end of the trip than at the beginning because

Accepted Answer

Even in an air-conditioned vehicle,the body still loses fluid through the skin and lungs.The person would not lose significant amounts of sweat in an air-conditioned vehicle.A small but fairly insignificant amount of body fat would be metabolized.Muscle mass would be lost only if the driver were inactive or had low protein or carbohydrate intake over several days.

Question 12

Having only softened tap water at home would be of most concern to a(n)

Accepted Answer

Softened water has relatively high levels of sodium,which exacerbates hypertension in salt-sensitive individuals.It is not ideal for anyone to drink softened water on a regular basis,but it is of special concern for someone with hypertension.Someone who is retired is more likely to drink beverages made with tap water at home.An elderly woman with osteoporosis would benefit from the calcium in hard water,but this is less of a concern.A student who is gone at work or school most of the day would not consume much of the softened tap water.Sodium intake is not a specific concern in pregnancy.

Question 13

A sodium intake of 2100 mg daily by a healthy adult would be considered

Accepted Answer

A sodium intake of 2100 mg daily is below the maximum level recommended by the National Research Council (2400 mg/day)and the American Heart Association (2300 mg/day).The AI is 1500 mg.There is no recommended range for sodium intake,just the AI and upper limits.

Question 14

The term bioavailability means the

Accepted Answer

Bioavailability is the amount of a mineral that can be absorbed by the body from a food.It is generally lower than the total amount of the mineral in a food.It may be related to the ratio of free mineral to bound mineral in a food,but that is only one of many factors affecting bioavailability.It is not related to the amount excreted by the body.

Question 15

Dehydration is most likely to have a negative effect on

Accepted Answer

Within the body,water helps to regulate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and through perspiration.Digestion of food requires secretion of digestive fluids,but this is less immediately affected by dehydration.Water is not needed to store excess energy in adipose tissue.Water is not important for this conduction of nerve impulses.

Question 16

A family with three young children has limited income,relies on public transportation,and has just moved into a very old apartment complex with old plumbing and lead pipes.The best recommendation to minimize lead exposure would be to

Accepted Answer

The best recommendation would be to run the tap water for 2 minutes before using it,so that any water sitting in the pipes that may have absorbed lead would not be used.Using bottled water is not practical for a family with limited income who uses public transportation.Boiling the water would not remove the lead and would actually concentrate it.Hot water would dissolve more lead;in fact,only cold water should be used.

Question 17

If people want to maximize their absorption of calcium,they should avoid drinking

Accepted Answer

Tea contains oxalic acid and tannins,both of which decrease absorption of calcium.Milk contains lactose and vitamin D,which increase calcium absorption.Orange juice and bottled water do not have a significant positive or negative effect on calcium absorption.

Question 18

If a woman who drinks a cup of decaffeinated coffee in the morning,a cup of fruit juice with lunch,6 cups of water throughout the day and a cup of tea at bedtime,her fluid intake would be considered

Accepted Answer

This woman's total fluid intake for the day is 9 cups,the recommended amount for women.Minimum fluid intake for health is around 4 cups;intake below this would be considered dangerously low.Fluid intake can be too high,but the specific amount that causes water intoxication is unknown.

Question 19

In an older adult who is usually very alert,disorientation may be a sign of

Accepted Answer

Disorientation may be a sign of dehydration,which is common in older adults,partly because their thirst mechanism is diminished.Iron deficiency anemia causes fatigue but not disorientation.Severe malnutrition may affect mental acuity but is less likely than dehydration to cause acute disorientation.Edema causes swelling but does not usually affect orientation.

Question 20

A good source of calcium for someone who follows a strict vegetarian (i.e.,vegan)diet would be

Accepted Answer

A good vegan source of calcium is a bean burrito because legumes contain calcium.Coconut milk and pasta salad are not good sources of calcium.Skim milk is not included in a vegan diet.

Quiz 8: Water and Minerals