Question 1

The school of criminology views behavior as stemming from free will.

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Question 2

People of a crime have a right to speedy trials and to humane treatment before trial.

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Question 3

Because punishment was considered a powerful general __________, authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe carried out sanctions in the market square for all to see.

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Question 4

The term , used to describe a house of correction, was first used during the 16th century in England.

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Question 5

The forced rowing of large ships as a form of early punishment was known as .

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Question 6

The period known as the was a cultural movement in England and France during the
1700s, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

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Question 7

Secular law is often referred to as the law of society.

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Question 8

In your own opinion, should the United States look to incorporate punishments that it once used, but later outlawed to due to the cruel and harmful nature of such acts (e.g., corporal punishment, transportation)? Be sure to fully explain and defend your answer.

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Question 9

Briefly summarize the social, political, and scientific ideas advocated during the Enlightenment and the lasting effect they had on correctional thinking and practices.

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Question 10

Describe the social movements leading up to the establishment of the first houses of correction. How did these changes lead the development of the prison system?

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Question 11

Suppose you are a feudal landowner in the Middle Ages, and one of your tenants has been found guilty of stealing from you. What rights would you have in determining the tenant's punishment, and what rights would the tenant have? How would the situation differ if the tenant were another feudal lord like yourself?

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Question 12

Eventually all people in the Middle Ages could claim benefit of clergy, protection from secular prosecution by the church.

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Question 13

The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest balance of pleasure over pain and that a punishment inflicted on an individual who committed a crime must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain is called .

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Question 14

___________________ refers to the practice of moving individuals convicted of crimes from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony.

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Question 15

Money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent a blood feud is called .

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Question 16

Imagine you are a laborer in 16th-century London with a family of four to support, and you find yourself with debts that you cannot pay. What consequences might you expect from the law? How would the situation differ if you faced the same situation in the 18th century?

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Question 17

According to scholars, the Enlightenment was a reaction against feudal and __________ traditions.

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Question 18

Who was John Howard and what significance did he have in regard to correctional reform? Be sure to list and explain his major accomplishments.

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Question 19

Two panopticon-style prisons were eventually constructed in the states of and .

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Question 20

refers to punishment inflicted on the convicted person's body with whips or other devices that cause pain.

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Quiz 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice