Question 1

Name the four means of modifying behavior discussed in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Cooper trains his boyfriend Patrick to avoid eating cake every day by squirting him with a water pistol every time he sees Patrick moving toward a cake. Eventually, Patrick avoids cakes altogether. In this example, identify the UCR, UCS, CS, and the CR.

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Question 3

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory, primarily associated with Albert Bandura, posits that people can learn new behaviors and acquire new information by observing the actions of others. This theory emphasizes the importance of modeling, imitation, and observational learning, rather than just focusing on the direct consequences of actions (reinforcements and punishments) or the principles of classical conditioning.

Question 4

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Accepted Answer

Gus receiving a paycheck at the end of every week is an example of a fixed interval schedule because the reinforcement (paycheck) is given at fixed time intervals (every week), regardless of the number of responses (work done).

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Accepted Answer

Vicarious punishment occurs when an individual observes another being punished and then changes their own behavior to avoid experiencing the same punishment. In option B, Jeong changes his behavior (eats carrots) after observing his sister being punished (spanked) for not eating them, which is a clear example of vicarious punishment.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

In a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule, a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses. Option C, where you get to play miniature golf after collecting 10 gold stars, is an example of this, as the reward (playing miniature golf) is given after a fixed number of responses (collecting 10 gold stars).

Question 7

Define latent learning and provide a real life example.

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Question 8

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of one's physical environment, allowing for navigation without direct sensory input, fitting the scenario described.

Question 9

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Accepted Answer

In partial reinforcement, the reinforcement is given only some of the times that the desired behavior occurs, making it more resistant to extinction than behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule, where the behavior is reinforced every time it is performed.

Question 10

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule because the rewards (payouts) are given after an unpredictable number of responses (spins), which encourages continuous play.

Question 11

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior, where behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to recur. In choice D, rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal is an example of operant conditioning, as the reward (positive reinforcement) is used to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior (finishing oatmeal).

Question 12

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioral responses. Hideki learns to change his behavior (lying) due to the consequence (being grounded), which is a classic example of operant conditioning.

Question 13

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

Accepted Answer

Gabrielle's father acts as a model for her, demonstrating how to insert the batteries into the toy phone, which she then imitates successfully. This is an example of observational learning, where an individual learns by watching the actions of another and then imitating those actions.

Question 14

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities because they satisfy biological needs, such as food, water, and shelter, without needing to be learned.

Question 15

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Accepted Answer

Dymesha learned how to do headstands by observing her sister and then imitating her actions. This is an example of observational learning, where individuals learn new behaviors by watching others and then replicating their actions.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual observes another person being rewarded for a behavior, which then increases the likelihood of the observer engaging in the same behavior. In choice A, Babs sees Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list and decides to complete hers to receive a similar reward, exemplifying vicarious reinforcement.

Question 17

Identify two ways in which instincts are different from reflexes.

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Question 18

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it happens, as in Jemma's case where her son receives praise and a hug every time he says thank you.

Question 19

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory suggests that individuals, including children, are likely to imitate behaviors that they observe being rewarded. Therefore, if a child sees a television character receive a reward for acting aggressively, they may be more inclined to model that aggressive behavior, believing it to be beneficial or acceptable.

Question 20

Explain the difference between a fixed interval reinforcement schedule and a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule.

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Quiz 6: Sensation and Perception