When Produce Companies Such as Dole Bananas Bypass Wholesalers and Sell

When produce companies such as Dole Bananas bypass wholesalers and sell directly to retailers, it is likely to

A) create channel conflict between Dole and these wholesalers.
B) increase cooperation between Dole and the wholesalers.
C) show that Dole is integrating its channel intermediaries.
D) create horizontal integration between channel members.
E) increase the vertical integration of the channel intermediaries.