When American Airlines acquired US Airways, this was an example of a contractual VMS.

Name: When American Airlines acquired US Airways, this was an example of a contractual VMS.
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The acquisition of US Airways by American Airlines is an example of a corporate vertical marketing system (VMS), not a contractual VMS, because it involved the integration of two companies into a single corporate structure, rather than a contract-based coordination among independent firms.

When American Airlines Acquired US Airways, This Was an Example