Question 1

______ involves two or more simple schedules, presented sequentially and signaled by an arbitrary stimulus.
A) Chain schedule of reinforcement
B) Tandem schedule of reinforcement
C) Backward chain schedule of reinforcement
D) Multiple chain schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A chain schedule of reinforcement involves two or more simple schedules that are presented sequentially, where each one is signaled by an arbitrary stimulus, indicating when one schedule is complete and the next has started.

Question 2

The research on token reinforcement and chimpanzees shows that:
A) Tokens can bridge the interval between earning and spending
B) Token reinforcement can maintain and train performance on discrimination tasks
C) Token and food reinforcement are similar in maintaining behavior
D) All of these

Accepted Answer

The research on token reinforcement and chimpanzees demonstrates that tokens can serve as a bridge between the time of earning them and spending them, can be used to maintain and train performance on discrimination tasks, and are similar to food reinforcement in their ability to maintain behavior.

Question 3

A ____ is the same as a multiple schedule but without discriminative stimuli.
A) Mixed schedule of reinforcement
B) Tandem schedule of reinforcement
C) Second-order schedule
D) Backward chain schedule

Accepted Answer

A mixed schedule of reinforcement operates similarly to a multiple schedule but lacks discriminative stimuli, meaning that the different reinforcement schedules are presented without unique signals indicating which schedule is in effect.

Question 4

If you train a rat to receive a food pellet every time you play a particular song, the food pellet is ______ and the tune is ______.
A) An unconditioned reinforcer; a conditioned reinforcer
B) A conditioned reinforcer; an unconditioned reinforcer
C) Respondent reinforcement; operant reinforcement
D) Operant reinforcement; respondent reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The food pellet is an unconditioned reinforcer because it naturally motivates the rat without any prior training. The tune becomes a conditioned reinforcer through its association with the food pellet, which initially had no significance to the rat until it was paired with the food.

Question 5

In a _______, unconditioned reinforcement is programmed after completing two or more schedules, presented sequentially without discriminative stimuli.
A) Chain schedule of reinforcement
B) Tandem schedule of reinforcement
C) Backward chain schedule of reinforcement
D) Multiple chain schedule of reinforcement

Accepted Answer

In a tandem schedule of reinforcement, two or more basic schedules are presented sequentially in a specific order without discriminative stimuli indicating when one schedule ends and the next begins, and reinforcement is given only after the completion of the final schedule.

Question 6

The effectiveness of a _____ depends on the frequency of unconditioned reinforcement correlated with it.
A) Conditioned reinforcer
B) Punisher
C) Heterogeneous chain
D) Tandem schedule

Accepted Answer

A conditioned reinforcer's effectiveness is directly related to how often it is paired with an unconditioned reinforcer. This association strengthens the conditioned response.

Question 7

The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American airlines illustrates:
A) How behavior is distributed on concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement
B) The role of delay reduction in choice situations
C) How behavior is distributed on concurrent schedules of reinforcement
D) Both how behavior is distributed on concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement and the role of delay reduction in choice situations

Accepted Answer

The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American airlines can illustrate both how behavior is distributed on concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement and the role of delay reduction in choice situations. Concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement involve making a choice between two or more options, each leading to different schedules of reinforcement, which is analogous to choosing between airlines based on different factors (e.g., price, convenience). Delay reduction refers to the preference for options that lead to quicker or more immediate reinforcement, which can influence decisions between airlines based on factors like shorter flight times or quicker connections.

Question 8

In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that:
A) Stimuli correlated with positive or negative reinforcement maintain an observing response
B) Stimuli correlated with positive reinforcement and extinction maintain an observing response
C) Stimuli correlated with punishment and extinction maintain an observing response
D) Stimuli correlated with negative reinforcement and punishment maintain an observing response

Accepted Answer

Stimuli associated with either positive (good news) or negative (bad news) reinforcement can maintain an observing response because organisms are motivated to seek out signals that indicate the availability of reinforcement or the avoidance of an aversive event.

Question 9

A golf instructor who teaches golf by beginning with a short putt, then a chip shot, and finally a tee shot to begin the hole, is using:
A) A tandem schedule
B) Backward chaining
C) A homogenous chain
D) A multiple chain schedule

Accepted Answer

Backward chaining involves teaching the last step in a sequence first, then the second-to-last step, and so on, until the entire sequence is learned. In this case, the instructor is teaching golf starting with the final action (a short putt) and moving backwards through the sequence to the initial action (a tee shot), which aligns with the backward chaining method.

Question 10

According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer:
A) Is not very useful because it relies on the momentary deprivation/satiation of the organism
B) Is produced by pairing a conditioned reinforcer with more than one unconditioned reinforcer
C) Is produced by backward chaining of the unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
D) Is extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behavior

Accepted Answer

A generalized conditioned reinforcer is created by pairing a conditioned reinforcer with multiple unconditioned reinforcers, making it effective in a variety of situations.

Question 11

A ____ involves two (or more) schedules of reinforcement in which completion of the requirements of one schedule is reinforced according to the requirements of the other schedule.
A) Tandem schedule
B) Backward chain schedule
C) Second-order schedule
D) Concurrent schedule

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ____ involves two (or more) schedules...

Question 12

A chain schedule that requires a bird to first peck an illuminated key and then pull a rope in order to receive reinforcement would be called a ____________ chain.
A) Disparate
B) Heterogeneous
C) Concurrent
D) Homogenous

Accepted Answer

A heterogeneous chain schedule involves the completion of two or more different responses in a specific sequence to receive reinforcement, as described in the scenario with the bird needing to peck an illuminated key and then pull a rope.

Question 13

Victims sometimes become emotionally attached to people who mistreat them. How could this happen?
A) A misplaced sexual drive that is directed at the abuser
B) Negative reinforcement of affectionate behavior of the victim
C) Punishment of affectionate behavior of the victim
D) Longing for a real emotional attachment to the parents

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement can occur when a victim receives some form of relief or perceived affection from the abuser, reinforcing the attachment despite the mistreatment.

Question 14

Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because:
A) Attention has preceded a variety of reinforcement from people
B) Attention is around children all the time so they get used to it
C) Attention is needed for children to develop into emotionally healthy people
D) Attention is a fundamental necessity of life that children thrive on

Accepted Answer

Attention often acts as a conditioned reinforcer for children because it has been associated with various forms of reinforcement from people throughout their development. This means that children learn to see attention itself as rewarding because it frequently accompanies or signals other rewarding outcomes.

Question 15

In the laboratory, when a clicking sounds is followed by food, the clicking sound:
A) Can become an enduring reinforcing stimulus
B) Takes on a conditioned reinforcement function
C) Usually supports an operant that produces it
D) Is characterized by all of the above

Accepted Answer

The clicking sound, when followed by food, can become an enduring reinforcing stimulus, take on a conditioned reinforcement function, and usually support an operant that produces it, making all of the provided options correct. This is a fundamental concept in classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (clicking sound) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to produce a conditioned response.

Question 16

On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the S^D and the unconditioned reinforcement: A) The less effective the S^D as a conditioned reinforcer B) The less the value of the unconditioned reinforcer C) The greater the stimulus control D) The more the value of the unconditioned reinforcer

Accepted Answer

The longer the delay between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned reinforcement, the less effective the CS becomes as a conditioned reinforcer. This is because the association between the CS and the unconditioned reinforcement weakens with longer delays, making it harder for the organism to learn the connection between the two.

Question 17

Researchers have found evidence that _____ is critical for conditioned reinforcement but not unconditioned reinforcement in primates.
A) The frontal lobe
B) The cerebral cortex
C) The hypothalamus
D) The amygdala

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is critical for conditioned reinforcement but not unconditioned reinforcement in primates, playing a key role in the emotional and associative aspects of conditioning.

Question 18

If a rat presses the same lever in each component of a chain of reinforcement then the chain is _____.
A) Uniform
B) Heterogeneous
C) Concurrent
D) Homogenous

Accepted Answer

When a rat presses the same lever in each component of a chain of reinforcement, the chain is described as homogenous. This means that the same type of response is required across all components of the chain.

Question 19

Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:
A) Psychiatric patients
B) Juvenile delinquents
C) Normal children
D) All of these

Accepted Answer

Token reinforcement systems have been effectively used across various groups, including psychiatric patients, juvenile delinquents, and normal children, to encourage positive behavior changes.

Question 20

Backward chaining involves:
A) Teaching the initial component or link first
B) Teaching the final component or link first
C) Teaching the final component or link in random order
D) Teaching from the middle to the last component or link

Accepted Answer

Backward chaining is a teaching technique where instruction starts with the final component or link of a sequence. This method allows the learner to experience the end goal from the beginning, facilitating a clearer understanding of the task's objective.

Quiz 10: Conditioned Reinforcement

______ involves two or more simple schedules, presented sequentially and signaled by an arbitrary stimulus.

The research on token reinforcement and chimpanzees shows that:

A ____ is the same as a multiple schedule but without discriminative stimuli.

If you train a rat to receive a food pellet every time you play a particular song, the food pellet is and the tune is .

In a _______, unconditioned reinforcement is programmed after completing two or more schedules, presented sequentially without discriminative stimuli.

The effectiveness of a _____ depends on the frequency of unconditioned reinforcement correlated with it.

The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American airlines illustrates:

In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that:

A golf instructor who teaches golf by beginning with a short putt, then a chip shot, and finally a tee shot to begin the hole, is using:

According to Skinner (1953) , a generalized conditioned reinforcer:

A ____ involves two (or more) schedules of reinforcement in which completion of the requirements of one schedule is reinforced according to the requirements of the other schedule.

A chain schedule that requires a bird to first peck an illuminated key and then pull a rope in order to receive reinforcement would be called a ____________ chain.

Victims sometimes become emotionally attached to people who mistreat them. How could this happen?

Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because:

In the laboratory, when a clicking sounds is followed by food, the clicking sound:

On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the S^D and the unconditioned reinforcement:

Researchers have found evidence that _____ is critical for conditioned reinforcement but not unconditioned reinforcement in primates.

If a rat presses the same lever in each component of a chain of reinforcement then the chain is _____.

Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:

Backward chaining involves: