Question 1

To be able to engage in social referencing, infants need to be able to

Accepted Answer

Social referencing involves infants using the emotional expressions of others to guide their own behavior and reactions in particular situations. For this to occur, infants need to understand the meaning of the emotions being expressed by others. They do not necessarily need to be able to label or understand the causes of those emotions, but they must be able to comprehend their meaning. Therefore, the best choice is C, comprehend the meaning of emotions.

Question 2

Which emotional regulation strategy would an older child be LEAST likely to attempt?

Accepted Answer

Self-comforting is a strategy more commonly associated with younger children, such as toddlers, who might use physical means (like thumb-sucking or holding a security blanket) to regulate their emotions. Older children are more likely to use cognitive strategies like re-appraisal or distraction.

Question 3

Which statement is supported by Mischel's findings on delay of gratification?

Accepted Answer

Mischel's findings suggest that the ability to delay gratification in preschoolers is related to success in later life, including higher SAT scores and better rational thinking skills in adolescence. These findings do not support option A, which suggests that preschoolers' ability to delay gratification does not predict adjustment beyond preschool. Option C is not supported by Mischel's findings, as they suggest that the ability to delay gratification is not solely based on parental socialization, but can be improved with training. Option D is also incorrect, as Mischel's original study tested preschoolers' ability to delay gratification using the marshmallow test.

Question 4

Which child is MOST likely to experience separation anxiety in the situation described?

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety typically peaks in children around 9-18 months of age. Of the options given, the child who is most likely to experience separation anxiety is one who is old enough to understand that their parent has left them and is not easily visible. Therefore, the 15-month-old Sebastian, who is placed into his crib by his parent and then left the room, is the most likely to experience separation anxiety. The younger children (Anton and Jordan) may not have developed object permanence yet and may not realize their parent has left. The older child (Ellie) is closer to age 2 and may have already started to develop coping mechanisms for when a parent leaves the room.

Question 5

When do anxiety disorders typically develop?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When do anxiety disorders typically develop?
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Question 6

Which situation is LEAST likely to contribute to an increase in depressive symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Late puberty in girls typically does not lead to an increase in depressive symptoms as it is seen as a more positive experience, if anything, due to the delay in the onset of adult responsibilities and expectations. On the other hand, early puberty in both boys and girls has been linked to increased risk of depression, as it can lead to social, emotional, and cognitive difficulties.

Question 7

Mark has always been very impulsive. Because of his family environment, he is currently exhibiting high levels of behaviour problems. Which family environment characteristic is NOT likely associated with his behaviour problems?

Accepted Answer

A positive family environment is generally associated with fewer behavior problems, as it provides support and stability, unlike the other options which can contribute to behavior issues.

Question 8

What type of therapy is common for treating depression among children and adolescents and is used in approximately 7% of children in Western Canada?

Accepted Answer

Drug therapy is commonly used for treating depression among children and adolescents and is used in approximately 7% of children in Western Canada.

Question 9

What is the general conclusion regarding the relationship between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and problems in adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Research consistently shows that exposure to adverse childhood experiences increases the likelihood of experiencing a wide range of mental, physical, and behavioral health problems in adulthood, regardless of gender, race, and education level. This relationship has been found to be dose-dependent, meaning that the more ACEs an individual experiences, the higher the risk of problems in adulthood.

Question 10

Research on the physiological bases of temperament has demonstrated that _____ are associated with temperament.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that both brain activation patterns and heart rate and respiratory characteristics are associated with temperament. For example, studies have found that infants with higher heart rates tend to be more irritable and reactive. Additionally, functional MRI studies have shown that different temperamental traits are associated with distinct patterns of brain activity, such as greater activation in the amygdala for infants with higher levels of negative affect.

Question 11

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional

Accepted Answer

Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage and control one's emotions in order to achieve a desired outcome or goal. It involves the ability to initiate, inhibit, or modulate emotions in a way that supports effective functioning and adaptive behavior. Emotional regulation is an important aspect of overall emotional intelligence and is essential for success in both personal and professional settings.

Question 12

Which child who has healthy family relationships is LEAST likely to display negative emotions?

Accepted Answer

As children grow, they develop better emotional regulation skills. By 36 months (3 years), children like Amaris are more capable of managing their emotions compared to younger children, assuming they have healthy family relationships.

Question 13

Chloe, who is 3 years old, has broken a cup and is trying to hide the pieces under a towel. She is primarily experiencing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chloe, who is 3 years old, has...

Question 14

Chronic conditions that may persist throughout childhood and into adulthood are called

Accepted Answer

Chronic conditions that persist throughout childhood and into adulthood are often categorized as mental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and anxiety disorders, among others. While toxic stress, rumination, and equifinality are all relevant concepts in developmental psychology, they do not directly refer to chronic conditions that persist throughout childhood and into adulthood.

Question 15

When children are in situations or environments that they perceive to be frightening, threatening, or overwhelming, they can experience

Accepted Answer

The answer of When children are in situations or environments...

Question 16

In general, the development of emotional regulation is NOT characterized by

Accepted Answer

The development of emotional regulation is not characterized by decreasing control over physiological reactions. Instead, it involves increasing control over and management of physiological reactions. A, B, and C are all accurate descriptions of the development of emotional regulation.

Question 17

The effects of _____ on differences in temperament across cultural groups _____ been supported by scientific evidence.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that cultural practices and genetic factors might affect differences in temperament across cultural groups. The word "both" in option B implies that both factors have been supported by scientific evidence. Option A is incorrect as it suggests that neither factor has been supported by scientific evidence. Option C suggests that cultural practices do not have any effect, which is inconsistent with the statement. Similarly, Option D suggests that genetic factors do not have any effect, which is not consistent with the statement.

Question 18

In comparison with U.S. children, Japanese children are LESS likely to experience which emotion as a consequence of personal success?

Accepted Answer

Japanese culture emphasizes humility and the importance of group harmony, so Japanese children are less likely to express or display pride as a result of personal success. They may feel a sense of satisfaction but will be more reserved in celebrating individual achievements, whereas American children might be encouraged to express their sense of accomplishment and exhibit pride.

Question 19

Which scenario is an example of social referencing?

Accepted Answer

Social referencing occurs when an individual looks to another person for cues on how to react in a situation. In this scenario, Henry looks to his mother to gauge how he should respond after falling.

Question 20

When infants realize they can control a particular event, they experience

Accepted Answer

When infants realize that they can control a particular event, they feel a sense of accomplishment and pride, leading to happiness. This sense of control is important for their development and growth.

Quiz 10: Emotional Development