Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Cristian Alfredo Urquijo robbed banks?

Accepted Answer

Cristian Alfredo Urquijo did not rob banks simply because he felt like it; his motivations were tied to survival and necessity rather than whimsy or desire.

Question 2

The Industrial Revolution led to the quick transition of societies from being less based on ______ to being more based on______.

Accepted Answer

The Industrial Revolution marked a significant shift from agrarian economies to ones focused on manufacturing and industry, transforming societies into industrial powerhouses.

Question 3

How many adaptations did Merton develop as part of his strain theory?

Accepted Answer

Merton developed five modes of individual adaptation as part of his strain theory: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

Question 4

According to ______, those who respond to stressful situations in a positive way will be less likely to commit crime than those who respond in negative ways.

Accepted Answer

General strain theory suggests that individuals who experience stress or strain and respond positively, such as through problem-solving or seeking social support, are less likely to engage in criminal behavior compared to those who respond negatively, such as through anger or frustration.

Question 5

______ is credited for coining the term sociology.

Accepted Answer

Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" to describe the scientific study of society. He aimed to establish a secular, scientific approach to understanding societal dynamics and structure.

Question 6

Aspects of social life that pattern the development of societal institutions are referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Social dynamics refer to the changes and factors within society that influence the development and maintenance of societal institutions. This term encompasses the various processes and interactions that shape the evolution of social structures and relationships over time.

Question 7

Many deprived areas in the United States do not have ______ because everyone is poor, eliminating much of the stress that would come from feelings of relative deprivation.

Accepted Answer

Deprived areas often have high rates of crime due to economic hardship and lack of resources, not because everyone is poor and stress-free.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a social problem that occured during the Industrial Revolution?

Accepted Answer

Not enough food was not a social problem that occurred during the Industrial Revolution. In fact, the Industrial Revolution led to increased food production due to advances in agricultural technology.

Question 9

Essay on the Moral Statistics of France was an extended version of a report, written by ______, which is considered by some as being the first study of scientific criminology.

Accepted Answer

André-Michel Guerry's work on the "Essay on the Moral Statistics of France" is considered foundational in the field of criminology, marking an early attempt to apply statistical methods to the study of crime and society.

Question 10

Merton's strain theory refers to ______ as conventional goals.

Accepted Answer

Merton's strain theory refers to "the American Dream" as conventional goals, emphasizing the societal pressure to achieve success and wealth, which can lead to strain when individuals lack the means to achieve these goals through legitimate avenues.

Question 11

Which of the following would typically NOT be associated with social structure theories?

Accepted Answer

Social structure theories focus on the societal or community level factors such as economic disparities, cultural norms, and social disorganization, rather than individual-level interactions and variations in social interaction, which are more aligned with social process theories.

Question 12

______ is the degree to which individuals of a society think alike.

Accepted Answer

Collective conscience refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. This term is often associated with the sociologist Émile Durkheim, who used it to explain how individuals in a society are bound together by common beliefs and values.

Question 13

Which of the following was the nickname given to the Phoenix Valley robber?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was the nickname...

Question 14

Social structural theories use mostly ______.

Accepted Answer

Social structural theories primarily focus on macro-level analyses, examining the broad social, economic, and cultural structures that influence behavior and interactions within a society.

Question 15

______ refers to the aspects of society that contribute to stability and social order.

Accepted Answer

Social statics refers to the aspects of society that are concerned with the maintenance of order and stability, focusing on the structures that hold society together.

Question 16

According to Cloward and Ohlin, a neighborhood that is absent legitimate opportunity structures as well as successful illegitimate opportunity structures will likely lead to the formation of ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Cloward and Ohlin, a neighborhood...

Question 17

Durkheim's term for normlessness is ______.

Accepted Answer

Durkheim's term for normlessness, or a state of normative uncertainty in society, is "anomie." This concept is central to his theory on the social causes of suicide and the functioning of social order.

Question 18

In smaller, homogeneous societies, there is less need for ______ than there is in larger, heterogeous societies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In smaller, homogeneous societies, there is less...

Question 19

In Agnew's general strain theory, the primary mediating factor is the feeling of ______.

Accepted Answer

Agnew's general strain theory posits that strain or stress leads individuals to feel negative emotions, with anger being the primary mediating factor that can lead to delinquency or criminal behavior. This theory suggests that anger results from strain, making individuals more likely to engage in crime as a way to cope with or respond to their negative emotions.

Question 20

______ was the most influential theorist of modern structural perspectives on criminality.

Accepted Answer

Émile Durkheim is widely recognized as the most influential theorist of modern structural perspectives on criminality, emphasizing the role of societal structures and norms in the development and regulation of criminal behavior.

Quiz 6: Early Social Structure and Strain Theories of Crime