The three criteria that are needed to show causality are temporal ordering, covariation, and ______.

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Temporal ordering, covariation, and accounting for spuriousness are the three criteria needed to establish causality. Temporal ordering ensures that the cause precedes the effect, covariation means that changes in the cause lead to changes in the effect, and accounting for spuriousness involves ruling out alternative explanations for the observed relationship.

The Three Criteria That Are Needed to Show Causality Are