Question 1

When an increase in employment (X) leads to a decrease in crime (Y), this is called a/an ______ association.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When an increase in employment (X) leads...

Question 2

Across categories of race/ethnicity, ______ are the most victimized.

Accepted Answer

Native Americans are the most victimized group across categories of race/ethnicity, experiencing higher rates of violence and crime against them compared to other groups.

Question 3

______ data are primarily collected by independent academic scientists or think tank agencies.

Accepted Answer

Self-report data are primarily collected through surveys or questionnaires completed by individuals, often conducted by independent academic scientists or think tank agencies to gather information on behaviors, attitudes, or experiences directly from the individuals involved.

Question 4

The number of U.S.homicides increased during the 1920s and 1930s.Many criminologists and historians contribute this to ______.

Accepted Answer

The increase in U.S. homicides during the 1920s and 1930s is attributed to both the Great Depression, which led to widespread economic hardship and increased crime rates, and Prohibition, which led to a rise in organized crime and violence associated with the illegal alcohol trade.

Question 5

The three criteria that are needed to show causality are temporal ordering, covariation, and ______.

Accepted Answer

Temporal ordering, covariation, and accounting for spuriousness are the three criteria needed to establish causality. Temporal ordering ensures that the cause precedes the effect, covariation means that changes in the cause lead to changes in the effect, and accounting for spuriousness involves ruling out alternative explanations for the observed relationship.

Question 6

______ have had the highest crime rates in the last few decades.

Accepted Answer

The south and the west regions of the United States have historically had higher crime rates compared to the north and the east, according to various crime reports and statistics over the last few decades.

Question 7

In the early 1600s, those who committed crime were typically ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the early 1600s, those who committed...

Question 8

According to the author, the most important aspect of ______ is that it/they provide information about the social and psychological reasons people commit crime.

Accepted Answer

Self-report studies are particularly valued for their ability to provide insights into the social and psychological reasons behind why individuals commit crimes, offering a more nuanced understanding of criminal behavior beyond what official statistics and reports can capture.

Question 9

Overall, crime rates of males and of females do not differ greatly.

Accepted Answer

Historically and across various societies, males have consistently exhibited higher crime rates than females, particularly in violent crimes. This difference is well-documented in crime statistics and criminological research.

Question 10

According to the text, ______ would NOT be a good example of a hot spot.

Accepted Answer

Churches are typically not considered hot spots for crime or high-risk activities, unlike the other options which might be associated with higher crime rates or risky behaviors.

Question 11

Criminology is the scientific study of crime.

Accepted Answer

Criminology is indeed the scientific study of crime, including its causes, responses by law enforcement, and methods of prevention.

Question 12

When a change in X causes a change in Y, this is referred to as spuriousness.

Accepted Answer

Spuriousness refers to a situation where the apparent relationship between two variables (X and Y) is actually caused by a third variable (Z), not by any direct relationship between X and Y.

Question 13

Perhaps the most important way that crime and victimization tends to cluster in groups is by ______.

Accepted Answer

Crime and victimization often cluster by age, as certain age groups, particularly young people, are more likely to be involved in or affected by crime.

Question 14

Lombroso's initial claim that tattoos were one way to identify born criminals violates which criteria of causality?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lombroso's initial claim that tattoos were one...

Question 15

Statutory rape is an index offense.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Statutory rape is an index offense....

Question 16

A good theory should be able to translate into realistic and useful practices.

Accepted Answer

A good theory provides a framework that can be applied to real-world situations, guiding the development of practical solutions and innovations.

Question 17

When an increase in X leads to an increase in Y, this is referred to as a/an ______.

Accepted Answer

A positive correlation exists when an increase in one variable (X) leads to an increase in another variable (Y).

Question 18

The ______ perspective is considered the 'nonconflict' model.

Accepted Answer

The consensual perspective, also known as the consensus model, is considered the 'nonconflict' model because it assumes that members of society agree on what is right and wrong, leading to laws and norms that reflect the society's consensus.

Question 19

When a person perceives that an event occured more recently than it actually did, this is referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Telescoping is the cognitive bias that causes people to perceive recent events as being more recent than they actually are.

Question 20

______ is the oldest and most used measure of crime rates in the United States.

Accepted Answer

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is the oldest and most widely used measure of crime rates in the United States, having been compiled by the FBI since 1930. It collects data on crimes reported to law enforcement agencies.

Quiz 1: Introduction to the Book: an Overview of Issues in Criminological Theory

When an increase in employment (X) leads to a decrease in crime (Y) , this is called a/an ______ association.