Question 1

Which of the following was the Supreme Court's first major examination of juvenile court processing?

Accepted Answer

Kent v. United States (1966) was the Supreme Court's first major examination of juvenile court processing, addressing the issue of waiver of jurisdiction from juvenile to adult court.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Supreme Court declined to extend the adult right of a jury trial to juveniles?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court declined to extend the adult right of a jury trial to juveniles for several reasons, but the statement that the juvenile process should not be informal and intimate but rather adversarial (A) is not one of them. In fact, the juvenile justice system is designed to be more rehabilitative than adversarial, focusing on the needs of the juvenile rather than strictly on punishment.

Question 3

In Kent v.United States, which of the following was NOT an action of the lower court judge that was under review?

Accepted Answer

In Kent v. United States, the Supreme Court criticized the lower court judge for not conducting a full investigation before waiving juvenile court jurisdiction, including not allowing the juvenile's attorney to review the social service and probation files and not holding a hearing. The judge did not adjudicate Kent delinquent; instead, the case was about whether Kent should be tried as a juvenile or as an adult.

Question 4

According to the Supreme Court, trial court judges should consider which of the following in determining the voluntariness of any juvenile confession?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court has indicated that in determining the voluntariness of a juvenile's confession, trial court judges should consider a range of factors including the juvenile's age, intelligence, and maturity, among others. These factors help assess whether the confession was made without coercion and with a full understanding of the rights being waived and the consequences of the confession.

Question 5

Which Supreme Court case has ruled on corporal punishment in schools?

Accepted Answer

Ingraham v. Wright (1977) is the Supreme Court case that specifically addressed the issue of corporal punishment in schools, ruling that such punishment did not violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment as applied to schoolchildren.

Question 6

Which of the following occurred in the original court proceedings leading to the Supreme Court's In re Gault case?

Accepted Answer

In the original court proceedings of In re Gault, the complainant never appeared in court to testify, no specific charges were filed, and Gerald Gault had no attorney representing him, leading to the Supreme Court's landmark decision on juvenile justice rights.

Question 7

Which Supreme Court case has ruled on mandatory Life Without Parole sentences for juveniles?

Accepted Answer

Miller v. Alabama held that mandatory life without parole sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishments, requiring that courts consider the unique circumstances of each juvenile offender.

Question 8

When a defendant voluntarily allows the police to search someone's or one's own effects without a search warrant, it is called a:

Accepted Answer

This is known as a consent search, where the individual gives their permission to law enforcement to conduct a search without the need for a search warrant.

Question 9

Which of the following undermines the intended guarantees of Kent v.United States?

Accepted Answer

Statutory exclusion undermines the intended guarantees of Kent v. United States by automatically excluding certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction based on the type or severity of the offense, thus bypassing the individualized consideration and due process protections emphasized in the Kent decision.

Question 10

In In re Gault, the Supreme Court ruled that juveniles do have certain due process rights in delinquency proceedings under which circumstances?

Accepted Answer

In In re Gault, the Supreme Court held that juveniles have the right to due process in delinquency proceedings that could result in their confinement in a locked facility. This landmark decision established that juveniles are entitled to certain procedural protections when they face a hearing that could lead to their incarceration.

Question 11

Which Supreme Court case has ruled on preventive detention?

Accepted Answer

Schall v. Martin (1984) is the Supreme Court case that ruled on preventive detention, specifically upholding the constitutionality of pretrial detention for juveniles deemed to be a danger to the community.

Question 12

The benefits of the Kent, Gault, Winship, and McKeiver rulings are often impeded by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The Kent, Gault, Winship, and McKeiver rulings aimed to provide juveniles with protections similar to adults in the legal system, including the right to counsel, protection against self-incrimination, and the right to confront witnesses. However, these benefits are often impeded by actual court practices that may not fully implement these protections, juveniles waiving their right to counsel often without understanding the consequences, and high caseloads for lawyers which can render them ineffective in providing the intended level of defense for juvenile clients.

Question 13

Which of the following was NOT a reason cited by the Supreme Court for allowing preventative detention for juveniles?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court did not cite the ability to adequately predict those at risk for future criminal acts as a reason for allowing preventative detention for juveniles. The focus was more on protection and the nature of juvenile custody.

Question 14

Which Supreme Court case ruled that courts should consider age as a factor in the custody analysis?

Accepted Answer

J.D.B. v. North Carolina ruled that age is relevant to the Miranda custody analysis, emphasizing that a child's age properly informs the Miranda custody analysis.

Question 15

Which of the following does the Supreme Court cite as effective deterrents to any abuse of corporal punishment in schools?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court has cited common law remedies, lawsuits, and criminal assault charges as effective deterrents to any abuse of corporal punishment in schools, indicating that all of these mechanisms can serve to prevent or address misuse.

Question 16

Which Supreme Court case ruled that juveniles should have the right to an attorney at adjudication hearings?

Accepted Answer

In re Gault was the landmark Supreme Court case that determined juveniles should have the right to an attorney during adjudication hearings, significantly altering the treatment of juveniles in the legal system by ensuring they have similar due process rights as adults.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about Life Without Parole sentences for juveniles?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court has ruled that juveniles cannot be sentenced to life without parole without considering the possibility of parole. This means that at the time of sentencing, parole cannot be completely off the table, acknowledging the potential for growth and change in young offenders.

Question 18

Which Supreme Court case made the reasonable doubt standard constitutional in juvenile delinquency proceedings?

Accepted Answer

In re Winship established that the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard is constitutionally required in juvenile delinquency proceedings.

Question 19

Which of the following changed the waiver process based on a youth's 6^th Amendment protection against double jeopardy?

Accepted Answer

Breed v. Jones is the case that changed the waiver process based on a youth's Sixth Amendment protection against double jeopardy by ruling that a juvenile cannot be tried in juvenile court and then retried in adult court for the same offense.

Question 20

A juvenile may waive his or her privilege against self-incrimination and consent to police interrogation if he or she:

Accepted Answer

A juvenile can waive their privilege against self-incrimination and consent to police interrogation if it is done voluntarily, considering the totality of the circumstances. This means the decision must be made freely and without coercion, taking into account the juvenile's age, intelligence, and experience, among other factors.

Quiz 9: Due Process and Juveniles