Question 1

____ was created in 2006 by Julian Assange, an Australian journalist, programmer, and Internet activist who considers himself an ethical hacker.

Accepted Answer

WikiLeaks was created in 2006 by Julian Assange, aiming to publish classified, secret, and censored information from anonymous sources.

Question 2

In the middle years of the 20th century, the Federal Communications Commission and the United States Supreme Court regularly made decisions based on the affirmative interpretations of the ____ Amendment.

Accepted Answer

The First Amendment, which guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition, was often the basis for decisions by the Federal Communications Commission and the United States Supreme Court during the mid-20th century, especially in cases involving speech and media regulations.

Question 3

In May of 2000, a French court ruled that ____ was in violation of French law because one of its Web sites allowed auctions of Nazi memorabilia.

Accepted Answer

The French court ruled that Yahoo! was in violation of French law for allowing auctions of Nazi memorabilia on one of its websites. This was because such memorabilia are considered offensive and are banned in France.

Question 4

The ____ test consists of three criteria for obscene materials.

Accepted Answer

The Miller test, established by the U.S. Supreme Court in Miller v. California (1973), consists of three criteria to determine what constitutes obscene materials.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a category into which ONI divided examples of filtering?

Accepted Answer

ONI (OpenNet Initiative) categorizes filtering into politics and power, security concerns, and social norms and morals, but not hardware issues.

Question 6

____ is a very simple program that removes copy protection from a DVD.

Accepted Answer

DeCSS is a program specifically designed to decrypt and remove copy protection from DVDs, allowing for their content to be accessed without restriction.

Question 7

Some countries are especially successful at controlling electronic communication; the usual example is ____, where political dissent on the Internet, or anywhere else, is not tolerated.

Accepted Answer

China is well-known for its strict control over electronic communication and the internet, including censorship of political dissent and the implementation of the Great Firewall to regulate its domestic internet.

Question 8

During World War I, the Miller Act was particularly broad in its notion of what constituted "harm" to the nation.

Accepted Answer

The act referred to in this statement is the Espionage Act of 1917; the Miller test is the test of obscene materials provided by the Supreme Court in 1973.

Question 9

In 2003, a consortium of scholars from a variety of universities formed the ____ as an effort to measure and report on Internet filtering and the control of access to various types of information.

Accepted Answer

The consortium of scholars formed the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) to measure and report on Internet filtering and control of access to information.

Question 10

Child pornography is universally condemned due to its clear abuse of children.

Accepted Answer

Child pornography involves the exploitation and abuse of minors, and it is universally condemned because it violates the rights and dignity of children.

Question 11

Neutral carriers are prohibited from making decisions on what communication to carry or whose communication to carry.

Accepted Answer

Common carriers are prohibited from making decisions on what communication to carry or whose communication to carry.

Question 12

Criticisms of the government, particularly if not true, are known as ____ speech and have often been the grounds for prosecution.

Accepted Answer

Seditious speech refers to speech directed at the overthrow of government or that challenges its authority, and it has historically been a basis for prosecution when it is perceived as a threat to the state or public order.

Question 13

There has been great controversy over blasphemous speech in recent years and it is of great prominence because of the violence that sometimes results.

Accepted Answer

Blasphemous speech has indeed been a source of controversy, particularly because it can lead to violent reactions from those who feel their religious beliefs are being disrespected or attacked.

Question 14

American courts have ruled that the program that removes copy protection from a DVD violates the ____.

Accepted Answer

The program that removes copy protection from a DVD violates the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which prohibits circumventing copyright protection systems.

Question 15

____ speech can put the existence of the nation at risk, and is sometimes even a capital offense.

Accepted Answer

Treasonous speech directly threatens the security and existence of a nation by advocating for its overthrow or harm to its government and can be considered a capital offense in many jurisdictions.

Question 16

The term ____ obscenity is a legal term used in various jurisdictions, such as the Cincinnati, Ohio Mapplethorpe case.

Accepted Answer

The term "pandering obscenity" is used in legal contexts to describe the act of catering to or profiting from the desires of others, especially in relation to obscene or illicit material, as was relevant in the Cincinnati, Ohio Mapplethorpe case.

Question 17

____ is the biggest business on the Internet.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____ is the biggest business on the...

Question 18

One of the great social concerns about free speech and a free press is that the "marketplace of ideas" is not necessarily a free market; without appropriate communication ____- that is the media, such as the Internet, newspapers, and television, through which communication travels - neither is possible.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "conduits," which refers to the channels or mediums through which communication flows, such as the Internet, newspapers, and television. These are essential for free speech and a free press to function effectively.

Question 19

In the United States, it is generally against the law to make derogatory remarks about a particular race, religion, or culture.

Accepted Answer

While there are specific occasions in which these kinds of statements are not permitted, they are not generally illegal. In most cases the consequences for such statements are civil matters rather than criminal.

Question 20

____ speech is not protected.

Accepted Answer

Dangerous speech, such as threats of violence or shouting "fire" in a crowded theater when there is no fire, is not protected because it poses a clear and present danger to public safety.

Quiz 7: Democracy, Freedom of Speech, and Freedom of the Press