Question 1

Shamima does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Shamima can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her

Accepted Answer

The difference in Shamima's performance based on whether or not she has assistance from her teacher suggests that she is operating within her zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance or assistance. Shamima's ability to complete spelling problems improves when she receives direction from her teacher, indicating that the teacher's guidance is within her ZPD.

Question 2

Tumi is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Tumi says, '1, 4, 5, 2, 3. There are three!' Tumi is demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.

Accepted Answer

Tumi is identifying the cardinality or the total number of toes on his left foot, which in this case is three.

Question 3

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding is a teaching method in which the instructor provides assistance to the learner based on their current level of knowledge and needs. This assistance may take different forms such as prompts, cues, modeling, or feedback. It is tailored to the learner's level and gradually reduced as they become more competent, allowing them to take more responsibility for their learning. Scaffolding is not necessarily provided by peers, nonverbal, or only done in informal settings, as the type and context of support may vary depending on the learning objectives and environment.

Question 4

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the 'journey' of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget saw children as making the journey alone and constructing their own understanding through their own experiences and interactions with the environment. Vygotsky, on the other hand, viewed cognitive development as a collaborative process in which children learn through interactions with more knowledgeable others. Vygotsky believed that children learn through social interactions with peers and adults, who provide scaffolding and support for their learning. Therefore, he saw the journey of cognitive development as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.

Question 5

Theory on the emergence of autobiographical memory suggests that in order to improve the autobiographical memory skills of his or her child, a parent would most likely

Accepted Answer

According to the theory on the emergence of autobiographical memory, one of the ways to improve autobiographical memory skills is by encouraging the child to talk about personal experiences. Therefore, option B is the best choice. Option A is unlikely to have a direct impact on autobiographical memory skills. Option C is related to social interactions, but not necessarily directly related to the development of autobiographical memory. Option D is related to cognitive development, but not directly related to the development of autobiographical memory.

Question 6

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from

Accepted Answer

Guided participation theory emphasizes that cognitive growth is a collaborative process that occurs through interactions with more skilled individuals who provide guidance and support. This guidance allows the child to participate in activities and tasks that would be beyond their independent capabilities, leading to cognitive growth and development. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Question 7

Which of these is not a feature of autobiographical memory?

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory is focused on personal experiences and events, not procedural information or steps. A, B, and D are all features of autobiographical memory.

Question 8

Dr McCoy is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Jabu when Jabu works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr McCoy must measure Jabu's personal performance on the maze and

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development refers to the level at which a child can perform a task with the assistance of a more skilled helper. Therefore, Dr McCoy needs to measure Jabu's performance on the maze when assisted by a skilled helper in order to determine his zone of proximal development. Option A, C and D do not relate to the concept of zone of proximal development.

Question 9

While counting four objects, Lesedi says '1, 2, 4, 8' one time and '2, 1, 4, 8' the next time. This demonstrates that Lesedi has failed to master the ____ principle of counting.

Accepted Answer

The stable-order principle of counting states that counting must proceed in a fixed order, such as 1, 2, 3, 4. Lesedi's inconsistent counting sequence shows that she has not mastered the idea of a stable order. The principle of cardinality refers to the idea that the last number counted in a sequence represents the total number of objects being counted. The one-to-one principle states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted. Habituation is a psychological principle related to decreasing responsiveness over time to repeated stimuli.

Question 10

How would a parent use guided participation to improve the maths skills of her child?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would a parent use guided participation...

Question 11

If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball?

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that a child can perform with the guidance and support of more knowledgeable others. Therefore, the best advice would be to ask a friend who knows how to throw well to help the child out. This would provide the child with the necessary guidance and support to perform the task within their zone of proximal development.

Question 12

Bongani is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Sadie, who is having difficulty, and to Stella, who is doing very well. To do this, Bongani must

Accepted Answer

A scaffolding style of teaching involves providing more support and assistance to students who are struggling, while providing less support and gradually increasing independence to students who are doing well. Therefore, Bongani should give Sadie more assistance and give Stella less assistance to help Sadie improve her skills while challenging Stella to continue developing her skills on her own.

Question 13

The following three-year-olds are asked to count the number building blocks (five each) placed in front of them. Which of the following responses best illustrates the one-to-one principle?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The following three-year-olds are asked to count...

Question 14

According to the ____ principle of counting, the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted.

Accepted Answer

The principle of cardinality states that the last number in a counting sequence represents the total number of objects being counted, and is unique in that it differs from previous numbers.

Question 15

What can be done to improve the credibility of the testimony of a child?

Accepted Answer

Using questions that test a number of different explanations concerning the event can help to improve the credibility of the testimony of a child. This approach can help to rule out false memories or suggest alternative explanations for the events the child is describing. Additionally, it is important to avoid leading questions or suggestive language, as this can also undermine the credibility of the child's testimony.

Question 16

Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems?

Accepted Answer

The number 11 does not follow a regular naming pattern like "oneteen" or "ten-one," making it an example of irregularity in English number naming.

Question 17

Research shows that infants as young as ____ can differentiate two objects from three objects.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants as young as six months old can differentiate between two and three objects. This ability is a precursor for the development of mathematical skills later in life.

Question 18

Eleven-month-old Marie loves biscuits. One day she sees her mother putting biscuits into cups for a party. As she is watching, her mom puts one biscuit into the first two cups, two biscuits into the next two cups, and three biscuits into the last two cups. If Marie is a normally developing 10-month-old who likes biscuits, she would most likely reach for

Accepted Answer

Infants at this age have a basic understanding of numbers and may be able to distinguish small quantities up to three. Therefore, Marie is most likely to reach for a cup with three biscuits since it has the most biscuits and is a noticeable difference from the other cups with fewer biscuits. The other options are less likely to influence her choice.

Question 19

The ____ principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence.

Accepted Answer

The stable-order principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence. This means that we need to count in a consistent order, such as starting with one and counting sequentially up to the desired number. This helps ensure that we are accurately counting and not skipping any numbers or double-counting. The other answer choices are not related to this principle of counting.

Question 20

Which best demonstrates intersubjectivity?

Accepted Answer

Intersubjectivity refers to shared understanding among individuals. Option C demonstrates this as all team members share the understanding of the game's main objective.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood