Strong control and dispersed ownership can be achieved by ...

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All three mechanisms (proxy votes, dual-class shares, ownership pyramids) allow for a separation of control and ownership.

Proxy votes allow an individual or group to vote on behalf of shareholders who are unable or unwilling to attend a meeting, giving those with the ability to proxy vote a certain level of control over the company without necessarily owning a significant portion of the shares.

Dual-class shares create two types of shares with different voting rights, giving those with the shares with superior voting rights the ability to control the company even if they own a smaller percentage of the company than those with inferior voting rights.

Ownership pyramids involve a complex web of shareholding in which a company holds a controlling stake in subsidiary companies, which in turn hold stakes in other subsidiary companies, creating a chain of control that allows a shareholder to retain control even if they do not own a majority of the shares in any one company.

Strong Control and Dispersed Ownership Can Be Achieved by