Question 1

Cloward and Ohlin, in their book Delinquency and Opportunity, propose a ___________ theory of crime.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

How has the rate of serious crime changed in recent years?

Accepted Answer

The rate of serious crime was decreasing for several years and then saw a substantial drop between 2008 and 2009, reflecting trends in crime statistics during that period.

Question 3

There have recently been a number of school shootings that have resulted in fatalities.Which of the following characteristics has not been noted as common to these offenders?

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

The idea that the punishment of criminals should be proportionate to the crime committed strongly influenced the

Accepted Answer

The principle of proportionality in punishment is explicitly stated in the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution, which prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments.” The Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean that punishments must be proportionate to the crime committed.

Question 5

According to Chapter 3, which of the following approaches may be a more productive way of resolving the issues of school violence and weapons?

Accepted Answer

Increased communication between students and administrators can help identify potential issues before they escalate and can allow for a more collaborative approach to finding solutions. Profiling and a zero tolerance policy can create mistrust and can lead to unfair treatment of certain individuals or groups. Metal detectors at schools can be costly and may not be effective in preventing all instances of school violence.

Question 6

In a threat assessment, one must consider

Accepted Answer

All of the above options must be considered in a threat assessment. The nature of the threat must be evaluated to understand the severity of the situation. Appropriate responses must be identified to reduce the risk of harmful action. The risk posed by the subject must be assessed to determine the likelihood of an attack. All of these factors contribute to a comprehensive threat assessment.

Question 7

As of 2002, juveniles were involved in approximately 8% of all

Accepted Answer

As stated, juveniles were involved in approximately 8% of all homicides as of 2002.

Question 8

__________________ play a role in shaping the leading theories in criminology.

Accepted Answer

Political ideologies, moral values, and empirical data all contribute to shaping the leading theories in criminology. Political ideologies may influence what types of behaviors are criminalized and how punishment is applied. Moral values may affect how criminal behavior is perceived and what types of interventions are deemed appropriate. Empirical data provides evidence and support for various criminological theories, as well as helping to identify new research questions and areas for exploration.

Question 9

Jimmy and John, best friends, have just stolen some candy bars from a convenience store.Jimmy's brothers all have criminal records, and they encourage Jimmy to commit crimes as well.John, on the other hand, stole the candy to give to his destitute parents so they may eat.The sociological explanation for Jimmy's crime would be that this crime is caused by the _____ subtype, while _____ factors caused John's behavior.

Accepted Answer

Jimmy's crime is caused by the subcultural subtype because he is influenced by his brothers' criminal behavior and sees it as the norm. John's behavior is caused by subcultural factors because he comes from a disadvantaged background and feels compelled to steal for his parents to survive. However, there is no mention of structural factors playing a role in either of their crimes.

Question 10

How has the rate of crimes committed by females changed in recent years?

Accepted Answer

Recent studies and reports indicate that the rate of crimes committed by females has been increasing, although it remains lower than the rate for males.

Question 11

Women are most often arrested for

Accepted Answer

Women are most often arrested for larceny and theft, as well as assault.

Question 12

The positivist school of criminology focused on

Accepted Answer

The positivist school of criminology emphasized the scientific study of crime and criminals through the analysis of empirical data, such as biological, psychological, and sociological factors. It aimed to understand the causes of crime and find effective solutions to prevent or reduce it, rather than solely punishing or removing criminals from society. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 13

According to Chapter 3, there is ______________ empirical evidence that sociological or biological theories independently predict criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

Chapter 3 states that there is little empirical evidence that sociological or biological theories independently predict criminal behavior.

Question 14

Cloward and Ohlin's theory of _____________ assumes that those who grow up in lower socioeconomic subcultures still possess the conventional goals of the middle class.Since society denies them legal means of achieving these goals, they become frustrated and resort to committing crimes.

Accepted Answer

Cloward and Ohlin's theory of differential opportunity assumes that those who grow up in lower socioeconomic subcultures still possess the conventional goals of the middle class. Since society denies them legal means of achieving these goals, they become frustrated and resort to committing crimes. This theory emphasizes the importance of access to illegitimate as well as legitimate opportunity structures as a determinant of delinquent involvement.

Question 15

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, what percentage of high school students carried a weapon to school in the month prior to being surveyed?

Accepted Answer

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2017, about 6% of high school students reported carrying a weapon (such as a gun, knife, or club) onto school property in the month prior to being surveyed.

Question 16

Social-psychological theories of crime suggest that crime is

Accepted Answer

Social-psychological theories of crime suggest that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others and exposure to certain environments, rather than being solely based on genetic or cultural factors.

Question 17

Approximately what percentage of violent crime is committed by men?

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that men are responsible for approximately 85% of all violent crimes, making this the best choice.

Question 18

According to Chapter 3, juveniles are responsible for committing about _______ of violent crimes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Chapter 3, juveniles are responsible...

Question 19

Which of the following was mentioned in Chapter 3 as an approach professionals have taken in an effort to curb school shootings?

Accepted Answer

All of the approaches listed in the choices were mentioned in Chapter 3 as ways professionals have tried to curb school shootings.

Question 20

Due to a recent increase of school shootings, one high school principal has decided to enlist a profiler to attempt to determine which students are at risk to commit a school shooting.The profiler provides the principal with a list of students said to be at risk.According to information presented in Chapter 3, which of the following is a potential problem with this procedure?

Accepted Answer

Low base rates can lead to overprediction because when the actual occurrence of an event is rare, predictions tend to falsely identify more individuals as being at risk than actually are.

Quiz 3: Psychology of Crime