Question 1

According to the modern two-process theory,classically conditioned emotional states are assumed to
A) elicit specific conditioned responses.
B) elicit specific instrumental responses.
C) motivate instrumental behavior.
D) arise from the rg-sg mechanism.

Accepted Answer

According to the modern two-process theory, classically conditioned emotional states (such as fear or pleasure) do not elicit specific conditioned responses or instrumental responses. Instead, they motivate instrumental behavior - that is, behavior aimed at either approaching or avoiding the source of the emotional state.

Question 2

An instrumental conditioning procedure provides the opportunity for a subject to learn many associations.Which of the following possible associations is thought to arise due to classical conditioning?
A) S-O
B) R-O
C) S-R
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus (S) with an unconditioned stimulus (O) to produce a conditioned response (CR). Therefore, the association that arises due to classical conditioning is S-O. The other options (R-O and S-R) are related to instrumental (operant) conditioning, which involves learning the consequences of a behavior (R).

Question 3

A rat is first trained to press a lever for food reinforcement.Then,a tone is sounded and a brief footshock is delivered.Lastly,the rat is again allowed to press the lever for food,and the experimenter records how the rat's lever pressing behavior changes when the tone is sounded.This researcher is employing
A) a transfer procedure.
B) an omission control procedure.
C) a blocking procedure.
D) negative reinforcement procedure.

Accepted Answer

In a transfer procedure, a previously learned behavior is transferred to a new stimulus or situation. In this case, the lever pressing behavior for food reinforcement is transferred to the presence of a tone followed by footshock. The researcher is interested in observing how the rat's behavior changes when the tone is sounded, which is a new stimulus. Therefore, the best choice is A) a transfer procedure.

Question 4

What is likely to occur in the testing phase of a transfer experiment?
A) A conditional stimulus that had previously been trained in a compound is presented alone.
B) A conditional stimulus is presented while an organism is engaged in an instrumental behavior.
C) A conditional response is recorded as an organism makes an instrumental response.
D) An unconditional stimulus is presented while an organism is making a conditional response.

Accepted Answer

In the testing phase of a transfer experiment, a conditional stimulus is presented while an organism is engaged in an instrumental behavior to assess the influence of the stimulus on the behavior.

Question 5

Fearing failure,Keith was cramming for his upcoming exam under the watchful eye of mean old Professor Jones.According to modern two-process theory,when Keith notices the evil professor pull out his briefcase in order to leave,Keith will study
A) more intensely at first and the less intensely.
B) at the same rate.
C) less intensely.
D) more intensely.

Accepted Answer

According to two-process theory, one process involved in studying is the motivation to avoid failure. This motivation is driven by the fear of failing the exam. When Professor Jones leaves, the fear of failure is reduced, and therefore the motivation to study decreases. Therefore, Keith will study less intensely.

Question 6

Modern two-process theory predicts that instrumental responding will decrease if
A) the central emotional state reflects a negative mood.
B) the central emotional state was conditioned with an aversive stimulus.
C) the central emotional state was conditioned with an appetitive stimulus.
D) the conditioned central emotional state is opposite to the emotions that motivate instrumental behavior.

Accepted Answer

The two-process theory suggests that instrumental responding is influenced by the emotional state conditioned by stimuli. If the conditioned emotional state opposes the emotions driving the instrumental behavior, responding decreases.

Question 7

Which of the following is not true of the modern two-process theory?
A) It assumes that the rate of an instrumental response will be modified by the presentation of a classically conditioned stimulus.
B) It assumes that the primary outcome of the classical conditioning that occurs during instrumental conditioning trials involves the learning of a particular response.
C) It assumes that classically conditioned stimuli do not always suppress responding, as in the CER procedure.
D) It assumes that central emotional states become conditioned to either situational cues or to discriminative stimuli.

Accepted Answer

The modern two-process theory does not assume that the primary outcome of classical conditioning during instrumental conditioning trials involves the learning of a particular response. Instead, it assumes that classical conditioning results in the learning of an emotional reaction to a stimulus, which in turn influences the performance of the instrumental response.

Question 8

According to the modern two-process theory,instrumental behavior reinforced by food or other appetitive reinforcers is motivated by
A) relief.
B) hope.
C) fear.
D) disappointment.

Accepted Answer

According to the modern two-process theory, instrumental behavior reinforced by food or other appetitive reinforcers is motivated by hope. This means that the organism learns to associate the behavior with the reward, and the anticipation of the reward motivates the behavior. The other options (relief, fear, disappointment) are associated with avoidance learning, where behavior is motivated by the removal or prevention of an aversive stimulus.

Question 9

A CS that had previously been paired with shock termination is presented to a rat pressing a lever for food reinforcement.According the modern two-process theory,the rate of lever presses is likely to
A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remain the same.
D) increase briefly, then decrease.

Accepted Answer

According to the modern two-process theory, a conditioned stimulus (CS) that has been associated with shock termination can become a safety signal, which can have a positive emotional effect and increase the rate of lever pressing for food reinforcement.

Question 10

A male Japanese quail was pecking at a key light for access to a quail hen.During this time,the researcher presented the male with a tone CS that had previously signaled the end of a period of access to food.According to the modern two-process theory,in response to the CS,the keypeck rate will
A) remain the same.
B) decrease.
C) increase.
D) decrease, then increase.

Accepted Answer

According to the modern two-process theory, the tone CS that has previously signaled the end of a period of access to food is associated with the removal of reinforcement. Therefore, the presentation of the CS tone will decrease the keypeck rate as the male quail will associate the sound with the removal of the opportunity to access the quail hen.

Question 11

Sally was pushing the buttons of a video game to earn gold pieces when she heard the bicycle-bell belonging to her cruel older brother,signaling that he was home.According to the modern two-process theory,she will push the buttons
A) more rapidly.
B) less rapidly.
C) at the same rate.
D) more rapidly at first and then less rapidly.

Accepted Answer

According to the two-process theory, the behavior of individuals is guided by two processes - classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In this scenario, Sally's behavior of pushing buttons to earn gold pieces is operant conditioning, where the behavior is reinforced by the reward. However, the sound of her brother's bicycle-bell is a classical conditioning stimulus as it predicts a negative event (cruelty of her brother). The anticipation of the negative event (her brother's behavior) will reduce Sally's drive to earn gold pieces, hence she will push the buttons less rapidly.

Question 12

Hull and Spence added a classical conditioning component to Thorndike's Law of Effect by suggesting that the presence of stimuli S
A) elicits the response.
B) elicits an expectation of the response.
C) elicits the outcome.
D) elicits an expectation of the outcome.

Accepted Answer

Hull and Spence's classical conditioning component suggested that the presence of stimuli elicits an expectation of the outcome, which is represented as a predictive response or "habit strength." This expectation of the outcome is what drives behavior according to their theory.

Question 13

According to the modern two-process theory,the emotional state generated by an instrumental conditioning procedure is determined by
A) the CS modality.
B) the type of reinforcer presented.
C) the type of instrumental response.
D) the rg mechanism.

Accepted Answer

According to the modern two-process theory, the emotional state generated by an instrumental conditioning procedure is determined by the reinforcer presented, which is the consequence of the instrumental response. Therefore, the type of reinforcer presented (choice B) plays a crucial role in determining the emotional state associated with the conditioned response.

Question 14

Bob was washing dishes to avoid getting fired.Just then he heard the sound of his crazy boss arriving at the restaurant.According to the modern two-process theory,he will now wash the dishes
A) more rapidly.
B) less rapidly.
C) at the same rate.
D) more rapidly at first and then less rapidly.

Accepted Answer

According to the modern two-process theory, the presence of an audience or the anticipation of evaluation (like the arrival of a boss) can increase arousal, leading to enhanced performance on well-learned tasks, such as washing dishes, causing Bob to wash more rapidly.

Question 15

Kim was working diligently on her art project in order to earn a gold star.According to modern two-process theory,when she smelled the perfume of her favorite teacher,signaling the teacher's arrival,Kim's work rate
A) remained the same.
B) increased at first, then decreased.
C) increased.
D) decreased.

Accepted Answer

According to modern two-process theory, the presence of a conditioned stimulus (perfume) that signals the arrival of a positive reinforcement (teacher's arrival) is likely to increase the behavior (work rate) that led to the reinforcement in the first place. Therefore, it is likely that Kim's work rate increased when she smelled the perfume of her favorite teacher.

Question 16

According to Hull and Spence,what mediates expectancy of reward?
A) the R-O association
B) the S-O association
C) the O-R association
D) the S-R association

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Hull and Spence,what mediates expectancy...

Question 17

According to the modern two-process theory,emotional states
A) develop from an association between the stimuli S and the instrumental response.
B) are characteristic of the peripheral nervous system.
C) only act to suppress behaviors, as in CER procedures.
D) do not invariably lead to particular responses.

Accepted Answer

The modern two-process theory states that emotional states do not always lead to particular responses. This theory suggests that emotions are the result of both an immediate, automatic response to stimuli (such as fear when confronted with a snake) and a more deliberate, cognitive appraisal of the situation. The theory suggests that the cognitive appraisal can override the automatic response and lead to a different behavioral response than might have been expected based solely on the emotion elicited.

Question 18

The findings from transfer-of-control experiments generally support
A) the Hull-Spence rg-sg mechanism.
B) reward-specific expectancy theory.
C) the modern two-process theory.
D) SOP and AESOP theories.

Accepted Answer

The transfer-of-control experiments suggest that classical conditioning (Pavlovian) and operant conditioning (Skinnerian) work together in animal learning. These findings support the modern two-process theory, which posits that both types of conditioning are essential to explain complex behavior. The other options listed (Hull-Spence rg-sg mechanism, reward-specific expectancy theory, SOP and AESOP theories) are specific theories within classical or operant conditioning, but they do not integrate both types of conditioning as the two-process theory does.

Question 19

Transfer experiments are designed to explore
A) the effects of omission control procedures.
B) the effect of rg on the instrumental response.
C) the development of the rg-sg expectancy.
D) the effects of a CS on instrumental behavior.

Accepted Answer

Transfer experiments are used to investigate the effects of a conditioned stimulus (CS) on instrumental behavior.

Question 20

The emotional state "hope" occurs when
A) a CS+ for an appetitive stimulus is presented.
B) a CS- for an appetitive stimulus is presented.
C) a CS+ for an aversive stimulus is presented.
D) a CS- for an aversive stimulus is presented.

Accepted Answer

The emotional state "hope" occurs when a CS+ for an appetitive stimulus (such as food or reward) is presented. Hope is the anticipation or expectation of a positive outcome, and a CS+ for a reward can create a sense of hope or positive anticipation for that reward.

Quiz 7: Instrumental Conditioning: Motivational Mechanisms

According to the modern two-process theory,classically conditioned emotional states are assumed to

An instrumental conditioning procedure provides the opportunity for a subject to learn many associations.Which of the following possible associations is thought to arise due to classical conditioning?

What is likely to occur in the testing phase of a transfer experiment?

Fearing failure,Keith was cramming for his upcoming exam under the watchful eye of mean old Professor Jones.According to modern two-process theory,when Keith notices the evil professor pull out his briefcase in order to leave,Keith will study

Modern two-process theory predicts that instrumental responding will decrease if

Which of the following is not true of the modern two-process theory?

According to the modern two-process theory,instrumental behavior reinforced by food or other appetitive reinforcers is motivated by

A CS that had previously been paired with shock termination is presented to a rat pressing a lever for food reinforcement.According the modern two-process theory,the rate of lever presses is likely to

A male Japanese quail was pecking at a key light for access to a quail hen.During this time,the researcher presented the male with a tone CS that had previously signaled the end of a period of access to food.According to the modern two-process theory,in response to the CS,the keypeck rate will

Sally was pushing the buttons of a video game to earn gold pieces when she heard the bicycle-bell belonging to her cruel older brother,signaling that he was home.According to the modern two-process theory,she will push the buttons

Hull and Spence added a classical conditioning component to Thorndike's Law of Effect by suggesting that the presence of stimuli S

According to the modern two-process theory,the emotional state generated by an instrumental conditioning procedure is determined by

Bob was washing dishes to avoid getting fired.Just then he heard the sound of his crazy boss arriving at the restaurant.According to the modern two-process theory,he will now wash the dishes

Kim was working diligently on her art project in order to earn a gold star.According to modern two-process theory,when she smelled the perfume of her favorite teacher,signaling the teacher's arrival,Kim's work rate

According to Hull and Spence,what mediates expectancy of reward?

According to the modern two-process theory,emotional states

The findings from transfer-of-control experiments generally support

Transfer experiments are designed to explore

The emotional state "hope" occurs when