The types of complications that may challenge a theory include:

Question

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Limitations in the methods (such as sample size or design) and contradictory findings (when different studies or research groups report different results) can both challenge a theory and suggest that it may not be entirely accurate. Experiments and non-experiments, as well as significant and non-significant findings, are not necessarily complications that challenge a theory, but rather different types of evidence that can be used to support or refute it.

The Types of Complications That May Challenge a Theory Include