Question 1

Research has shown that increased levels of cortisol in response to stress may cause damage to parts of the

Accepted Answer

Increased levels of cortisol in response to stress can cause damage to the brain, specifically the hippocampus, which is involved in memory processing and emotional regulation. This can lead to problems with memory, mood, and anxiety.

Question 2

Health psychology,a subfield of behavioral medicine,focuses on all of the following

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Currently,some of the major contributing factors to illness and death in the United States are

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and psychological factors such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, poor diet, lack of physical exercise, stress, and mental health issues are major contributing factors to illness and death in the United States. These behavioral and psychological factors have been linked to chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, which are responsible for most deaths in the US. While viral and bacterial infections, neurological and endocrinological disorders, pharmacological and hormonal imbalances can also contribute to illness and death, they are not as prevalent or significant as behavioral and psychological factors.

Question 4

AIDS is directly affected by stress.Stress may negatively affect the immune system,thereby promoting the deadly progression of the disease.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

The statement highlights how psychological factors, specifically stress, can influence biological processes, in this case, the immune system and the progression of AIDS. Therefore, the best choice is A, which states that psychological factors can influence biological processes.

Question 5

In 1936,Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to develop ulcers.His finding led to a new area of study called

Accepted Answer

Hans Selye's discovery led to the development of a new area of study called stress physiology, which focuses on the physical effects of stress on the body. This field encompasses the study of how stress hormones impact various physiological systems, including the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems. Psychosomatic pathology, on the other hand, is concerned with the interplay between psychological factors and physical illness, while stress psychology tends to focus more on the psychological experience of stress and coping strategies. Animal psychology is a broader field that encompasses the study of animal behavior and cognition.

Question 6

What is the name of the new field of study that reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral medicine is the new field of study that reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death. It examines how behavioral, psychological, and social factors interact with biological processes to influence health and illness outcomes.

Question 7

Using the word psychosomatic to describe a disorder with an obvious physical component is considered misleading because

Accepted Answer

Using the word psychosomatic to describe a disorder with an obvious physical component implies that the disorder is purely psychological, disregarding the possibility of a biological component. This is misleading because psychological disorders can have a significant biological component.

Question 8

At the beginning of the 20th century,the leading cause of death in the U.S.was

Accepted Answer

At the beginning of the 20th century, infectious diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and influenza were the leading cause of death in the United States. The development of vaccines and antibiotics helped to reduce the incidence and mortality of infectious diseases, leading to an increase in life expectancy.

Question 9

In response to sustained stress,the body goes through several stages that together constitute the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),a concept proposed by researcher Hans Selye.This GAS consists of all the following stages

Accepted Answer

The answer of In response to sustained stress,the body goes...

Question 10

Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol can result in cell death in the hippocampal region of the brain in cases of

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol can result in cell death in the hippocampal region of the brain in cases of posttraumatic stress disorder. This can lead to memory problems and other cognitive deficits.

Question 11

As an example of a behavioral pattern that leads to illness and death,smoking has been estimated to cause approximately ____ percent of all deaths.

Accepted Answer

Smoking is estimated to cause approximately 19 percent of all deaths, making it a significant behavioral risk factor for illness and mortality.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are true. Behaviors common to certain lifestyles such as poor diet, lack of physical activity, and substance abuse contribute to 50% of deaths from the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States and has been estimated to cause around 20% of all deaths.

Question 13

Knowledge derived from the behavioral sciences applied to the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of medical problems is called

Accepted Answer

The knowledge derived from the behavioral sciences which is applied to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems is known as behavioral medicine. Health psychology deals specifically with the psychological factors that influence health and illness. Psychophysiological disorders and psychosomatic medicine are closely related to behavioral medicine, but they are not the precise terms used to describe this area of study.

Question 14

Which of the following statements accurately describes a process in the activation of the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol as part of the body's response to stress, which is a key component in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Question 15

In which of the following ways do psychological and social factors influence health?

Accepted Answer

Both psychological and social factors can influence health. Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, depression can affect basic biological processes resulting in illness and disease. Social factors such as unhealthy lifestyles, lack of social support, living conditions, and poverty can increase the risk of developing physical disorders. Therefore, both psychological and social factors influence health.

Question 16

According to the principles of health psychology,which of the following is the best protection against acquiring AIDS?

Accepted Answer

The best protection against acquiring AIDS, according to the principles of health psychology, is changing risky behaviors that can lead to disease acquisition. This includes practicing safe sex, not sharing needles, and getting regularly tested for HIV. While getting an injection of the AIDS vaccine or being treated for HIV before it develops into AIDS can provide some protection, changing risky behaviors is the most effective way to prevent the spread of the disease. Deciding to be sexually abstinent after years of being sexually active may reduce the risk of acquiring AIDS, but it is not a realistic or sustainable solution for most individuals.

Question 17

The final process in the activation of the HPA axis is

Accepted Answer

The final process in the activation of the HPA axis is the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland. While CRF is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland, which in turn secretes ACTH to activate the adrenal gland, it is ultimately the release of cortisol by the adrenal gland that completes the process.

Question 18

Which of the following factors are universally implicated in the cause of all disorders?

Accepted Answer

All disorders have biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to their development and manifestation. Some disorders may have a stronger biological component while others may have a stronger psychological or social component, but all three factors are involved in varying degrees. It is important to consider all three factors in the diagnosis and treatment of any disorder.

Question 19

When Hans Selye injected laboratory rats with saline (salty water),what happened to the rats?

Accepted Answer

Hans Selye's experiment demonstrated that injecting laboratory rats with saline (or any other foreign substance) induced a physiological response known as the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which involved stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. During the resistance phase, the rats' bodies were unable to cope with the ongoing stress, leading to the development of ulcers. This suggests that stress directly affected their physiology, rather than the saline solution itself causing harm. Thus, the best choice is D.

Question 20

According to the textbook,the physiological response of an individual to a stressor is called

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the textbook,the physiological response of...

Quiz 7: Physical Disorders and Health Psychology