Describe the founding of functionalism.In what ways was its founding different from that of Titchener's structuralism? What were the contributions of Titchener and Dewey to functionalism as an emerging school of thought?

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The Answer is Functionalism was founded as a response to the limitations of structuralism, which was the dominant school of thought in psychology at the time. While structuralism focused on the structure of the mind and sought to identify the basic elements of consciousness, functionalism sought to understand the purpose and function of mental processes.

The founding of functionalism was different from that of Titchener's structuralism in several ways. Firstly, while Titchener's structuralism was heavily influenced by the introspective method, which relied on individuals reporting their own conscious experiences, functionalism emphasized the use of more objective methods such as observation and experimentation. Additionally, functionalism was more concerned with the practical applications of psychology, such as how mental processes helped individuals adapt to their environment, while structuralism was more focused on understanding the structure of consciousness for its own sake.

Two key figures in the founding of functionalism were Edward Titchener and William James. Titchener, a prominent structuralist, contributed to the emergence of functionalism by sparking criticism and opposition to his own ideas. His emphasis on introspection and the study of the structure of consciousness led to a backlash from other psychologists who believed that psychology should focus on the functions of the mind rather than its structure.

William James, on the other hand, is often considered the father of functionalism. His influential book, "The Principles of Psychology," laid the foundation for the functionalist approach by emphasizing the importance of studying the mind in terms of its adaptive functions. James argued that mental processes should be understood in terms of their practical utility in helping individuals adapt to their environment and achieve their goals.

Another important contributor to functionalism was John Dewey, whose work in philosophy and psychology helped shape the functionalist perspective. Dewey emphasized the importance of studying the mind in its natural context, and he advocated for a more holistic approach to understanding mental processes. His ideas about the interconnectedness of thought and action and the importance of studying the mind in relation to its environment were influential in shaping the functionalist approach.

In summary, the founding of functionalism represented a shift away from the introspective and structural approach of Titchener's structuralism, and towards a more practical and objective understanding of the mind. Titchener's emphasis on the structure of consciousness and introspection sparked opposition and criticism, while the contributions of James and Dewey helped shape functionalism as an emerging school of thought focused on the adaptive functions of the mind.

Describe the Founding of Functionalism