Question 1

Wu Jian has saved plenty of money and has a lucrative business that he enjoys. He likes to volunteer his time in the community and enjoys the company of others-but still saves time to be alone. One of his favorite things to do in the evening is to sit outside and watch the sunset. Carl Rogers might suggest that Wu Jian is __________.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed in the concept of self-actualization, which he defined as the process of fulfilling one's potential and becoming the best version of oneself. Wu Jian's enjoyment of his business, volunteer work, alone time, and appreciation of nature all suggest that he is experiencing self-actualization.

Question 2

The __________ perspective is called the "third force" in personality theory.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective, which emphasizes human potential, personal growth, and subjective experiences, is sometimes referred to as the "third force" in personality theory. This is because it emerged as a reaction against the two dominant perspectives of the time - psychoanalytic (which emphasized the unconscious and early childhood experiences) and behaviorist (which emphasized external factors and observable behavior).

Question 3

Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment, but can also influence that environment, is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism proposes that individuals are both affected by and can influence their environment, and therefore behavior is the result of the constant interaction between these factors. This differs from the concept of locus of control (which focuses on whether individuals feel they have control over their own lives) and self-efficacy (which is the belief in one's own ability to achieve a desired outcome). Phenomenology, on the other hand, is a philosophical approach that focuses on subjective experience and perception.

Question 4

Akilah just graduated from high school; she is trying out for the soccer team at the college she will attend in the fall. She knows that it will be more competitive than her high school team, but she believes in her ability to succeed and plans to practice all summer. Bandura would say that Akilah might have an edge over some competitors simply because she has __________.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of self-efficacy suggests that individuals who believe in their ability to succeed and perform well in a specific area (such as sports) are more likely to actually succeed in that area. Akilah's belief in her abilities, or high self-efficacy, gives her an advantage over competitors who may doubt their own abilities.

Question 5

__________ refers to the source that a person believes to be exerting control over life's events.

Accepted Answer

Locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events that affect them. People with an internal locus of control believe they have control over their own destiny, while those with an external locus of control believe external factors such as luck, fate, or powerful others control their lives.

Question 6

According to Albert Bandura, a person's expectancy about his or her skills and ability to accomplish a goal is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is a person's expectancy about his or her skills and ability to accomplish a goal. It refers to the belief a person has in their ability to perform a specific task or accomplish a specific goal.

Question 7

According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when there is a mismatch between the real self (how a person perceives themselves) and the ideal self (the person they would like to be). This can create feelings of incongruence, which lead to anxiety and neurotic behaviors.

Question 8

Gia is afraid of failing one of her final exams, primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams, so no matter how much studying she does, it won't matter. Cognitive theorists would suggest that Gia has an __________.

Accepted Answer

Gia's belief that her success is primarily determined by external factors, such as the difficulty of the professor's exams, indicates an external locus of control.

Question 9

When you accept someone-faults and all-regardless of whether or not you like the individual or approve of his or her lifestyle, Rogers suggests that you are exhibiting __________.

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard is a concept in humanistic psychology that involves accepting and supporting others without judgment or conditions. It means valuing and respecting a person for who they are, even if you do not necessarily agree with everything they do or say. Carl Rogers, the founder of humanistic psychology, believed that offering unconditional positive regard was an important aspect of building healthy relationships and helping individuals to grow and reach their full potential.

Question 10

You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of __________.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to perform a task successfully, even in challenging situations. In the context of brain surgery, a high level of self-efficacy would indicate that the surgeon has confidence in their skill and experience, which is essential for performing such delicate surgery. Ego, extraversion, and superego are not directly related to the surgeon's ability to perform the surgery successfully.

Question 11

Trevor has to get up early to go to school, but he wants to stay up late and watch television. His parents disapprove of him staying up late, but when they go out for the evening, he disregards their wishes and stays up late anyway. The next day he feels extremely guilty. How would Carl Rogers explain Trevor's guilt?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed in the concept of "conditional positive regard," meaning that a person's sense of self (or "self-concept") is shaped by the validation and acceptance they receive from others. In Trevor's case, his guilt likely results from the conflict between his personal desire to stay up late and his adoption of his parents' value judgment that it is wrong to do so. This creates a psychological conflict that leads to feelings of guilt when Trevor disregards his parents' wishes.

Question 12

Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed __________.

Accepted Answer

The term that Carl Rogers used to describe accepting people for who they are is unconditional positive regard. This involves accepting and valuing individuals without judgment or conditions, and is a key component in Rogers' person-centered therapy approach. It is different from conditional positive regard, which is based on approval or disapproval of certain behaviors or characteristics, and can lead to a person feeling that their worth is tied to meeting certain conditions. Unconditional positive regard is an important aspect of building a strong therapeutic alliance and fostering growth and self-actualization in clients.

Question 13

Carl Rogers believed that people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive __________.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive conditional positive regard. This means that they only receive acceptance and love from others when they meet certain conditions or standards. On the other hand, unconditional positive regard is when people receive acceptance and love regardless of their behavior or actions, and this is what Carl Rogers believed would help individuals develop a positive self-concept. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 14

Which of the following descriptions is likely to fit the quality of self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization is the realization of one's full potential and the achievement of one's goals and dreams. Option B describes a person who has a close alignment between their real self and their ideal self, indicating that they have achieved a level of self-realization and are fulfilling their potential. Options A, C, and D do not fit the description of self-actualization, as they all describe imbalances or conflicts between different aspects of the psyche.

Question 15

In Carl Rogers's theory, which term refers to our perception of our abilities, traits, and characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to our perception of our abilities, traits, and characteristics in Carl Rogers's theory. Personality is a broader term that includes various aspects of a person's behavior, thoughts, and emotions. Self-regard and self-esteem are related concepts but refer to the evaluation and judgment of oneself rather than the perception of one's qualities.

Question 16

Which of the following is one of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view?

Accepted Answer

One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is that the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not. The social cognitive view emphasizes observable behaviors and the environment's influence on behavior, while the psychoanalytic view focuses on unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts. Testing is a critical part of the scientific method and is central to the social cognitive view's approach.

Question 17

Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives?

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective was a direct reaction against psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives because it emphasized the unique qualities of individuals and their potential for personal growth and self-actualization, in contrast to the deterministic and pathological view of human behavior proposed by psychoanalysis and the emphasis on external stimuli and reinforcement in behaviorism. The humanistic perspective focused on subjective experience, self-awareness, and personal responsibility, and rejected the reduction of human behavior to unconscious conflicts or environmental conditioning.

Question 18

Unconditional positive regard is MOST important to the theory of __________.

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard is a concept central to Carl Rogers' humanistic theory of therapy. It refers to the therapist's ability to accept and respect their client unconditionally, without judgement or criticism. This creates a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their inner selves and work towards their goals without fear of rejection or invalidation.

Question 19

A baseball player's son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat, he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field, he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young man seem to have?

Accepted Answer

The young man seems to possess a high level of self-efficacy, which refers to one's belief in their own competence and ability to succeed in specific situations. He expects to do well and has likely had experiences in the past that reinforce this belief in his abilities.

Question 20

Which of the following do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common?

Accepted Answer

Both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believe in the concept of self-actualization, which suggests that humans are capable of making choices and decisions that allow them to reach their full potential and achieve personal fulfillment. They also emphasize the importance of individuality and uniqueness, suggesting that each person has their own path in life that they are free to choose and pursue. This aligns with the idea that each individual is free to choose their own destiny.

Quiz 13: Theories of Personality