Question 1

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Aisha follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of __________ morality.

Accepted Answer

Aisha's behavior demonstrates a postconventional morality, which prioritizes individual conscience and ethical principles over adherence to laws or societal norms. This stage is characterized by a greater understanding and consideration of complex, abstract ethical concepts such as justice and human rights.

Question 2

Faith's family does not have a lot of money. Faith's mom buys her clothing from the local superstore. Faith believes that other students notice that she doesn't wear brand-name clothes. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the imaginary audience because Faith believes that others are constantly observing her and noticing her clothing, even though they may not actually be paying attention.

Question 3

The period of 5 to 10 years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Perimenopause is the period of 5 to 10 years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline. The climacteric refers to the entire process of hormonal change, while menopause specifically refers to the end of menstruation, and postmenopause refers to the period after menopause has occurred.

Question 4

Last night, Aubrey's mom gave her a haircut. As she walked into her high school, Aubrey felt like everyone could tell that her bangs were a little uneven. This example illustrates the belief of a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

Aubrey feels like everyone can see her uneven bangs, which is an example of the imaginary audience belief commonly experienced by adolescents. They tend to believe that everyone is constantly watching and evaluating them, leading to self-consciousness and anxiety.

Question 5

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of __________.

Accepted Answer

The fear of punishment is a typical characteristic of preconventional morality, which is the first stage, according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals make decisions based on self-interest and avoiding punishment. They follow rules to avoid negative consequences rather than because they understand the moral impropriety of the action.

Question 6

Hugo is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a racecar driver. Hugo is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Hugo is at the identity versus role confusion stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, which occurs during adolescence. This stage involves exploring and developing a sense of self and a personal identity. Hugo's consideration of two potential careers is an example of this stage.

Question 7

Wes is a Boy Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go swimming in the lake anyway. Wes wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded while bad behaviors are punished. Which level of moral reasoning is he in?

Accepted Answer

Wes is in the preconventional level of moral reasoning, where behavior is guided by consequences such as rewards and punishments.

Question 8

Conflicts between adolescents and their parents tend to be over __________.

Accepted Answer

Conflicts between adolescents and their parents are often over trivial things such as clothing choices, curfew, and chores. While conflicts over moral or major issues can occur, they tend to be less common. Political issues are also less common in parent-adolescent conflicts.

Question 9

Gideon believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person. Most likely, he is in the __________ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Gideon's desire to be viewed as a good person by adhering to societal norms and expectations, such as the Golden Rule, suggests he is in the conventional level of moral development. This level is characterized by an emphasis on conforming to social rules to be seen as good by others.

Question 10

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning, each with two stages. The first level is preconventional morality, which is characterized by a focus on punishment and reward. The second level is conventional morality, which involves adherence to social norms and approval from significant others. The third level is postconventional morality, which is marked by a focus on universal ethical principles and individual conscience. Therefore, the correct sequence of stages is preconventional, conventional, and postconventional, as identified in option A.

Question 11

Sam is 17 years old. According to Erikson, Sam's chief task will be acquiring a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the major task during adolescence is the formation of a sense of identity, including the development of a clear and consistent sense of self, beliefs, and values.

Question 12

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at which level of morality?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory, most adolescents are at the conventional level of morality, which is characterized by a focus on social norms and expectations. This suggests that they tend to conform to societal expectations and seek approval from others, rather than making moral decisions based on abstract principles or personal values (postconventional) or avoiding punishment or seeking rewards (preconventional). The preliminary level is not a recognized stage in Kohlberg's theory.

Question 13

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory of moral development __________.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral development was based primarily on male subjects and thus reflected a male perspective on morality, suggesting it should be more inclusive or specifically applied to males.

Question 14

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?

Accepted Answer

The postconventional stage of moral development is characterized by moral reasoning being guided by principles that are independent of society's norms and values. In this stage, individuals think beyond their own self-interest and consider ethical principles that apply to all individuals. They use their own judgment to determine what is right or wrong, even if it goes against social norms.

Question 15

Lorenzo just got his driver's license. He loves to speed around town going more than 20 miles per hour above the speed limit. He believes that he can speed through red lights due to his perfect timing. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

The personal fable is the belief that one is unique and invincible, leading to risky behavior like speeding through red lights.

Question 16

The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always "on stage" and that they are the center of everyone else's world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as __________.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is known as the imaginary audience, which is the belief of adolescents that they are always being watched and judged by others, leading to a self-consciousness and concern about their behavior and appearance. The other options, formal operations and the personal fable, refer to different aspects of adolescent cognitive development and puberty is a physiological process.

Question 17

Carter is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the MP3 players and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Carter's decision represent?

Accepted Answer

Carter's decision is based on the potential for personal punishment, which aligns with the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. This stage emphasizes compliance with rules to avoid negative consequences or to gain rewards.

Question 18

Around age 40, adults __________.

Accepted Answer

Around age 40, many adults start to experience presbyopia, a natural age-related condition in which it becomes more difficult to focus on things up close. This often leads to the need for bifocal lenses or reading glasses. While some adults may experience a decline in sexual functioning as they age, this is not universally true for everyone. Likewise, while some senses may become sharper with age, others may decline. There are also various physical changes that can occur with age, but again, these may vary from one individual to the next.

Question 19

The 20s are a time of __________.

Accepted Answer

The 20s are generally considered the peak physical health of an individual. Young adults in their 20s tend to have higher endurance, faster metabolism, and better recovery ability than older adults.

Question 20

On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to __________.

Accepted Answer

While there may be some disagreements or arguments, research has shown that overall parents and teens tend to have similar moral beliefs and values, and therefore often agree on big moral issues.

Quiz 8: Development Across the Life Span