Question 1

According to classical conditioning, simply pairing one stimulus that spontaneously evokes certain meanings and feelings with another stimulus can cause a transfer of these meanings and feelings from one to the other.

Accepted Answer

This is the basic principle of classical conditioning, where one stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) becomes associated with another (the unconditioned stimulus) that elicits a certain response, causing the response to transfer over time to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 2

According to the discussion in your readings about sparkling wine and champagne, sparkling wine can only be called champagne if it is made in the champagne region of France.

Accepted Answer

This is a key characteristic of champagne. In order to be legally labeled as champagne, the wine must come from the Champagne region in France and follow specific production methods. All other sparkling wines can be called by different names depending on their region of production, such as Prosecco from Italy or Cava from Spain.

Question 3

Misleading advertising practices are unfair because consumers must form inferences to comprehend most advertising claims.

Accepted Answer

Misleading advertising practices may use vague or exaggerated language that requires consumers to make inferences in order to understand the claims being made. This can be unfair, as consumers may misinterpret the claims or rely on false assumptions when making purchasing decisions.

Question 4

Classical conditioning is more effective for older, familiar brands than for newer, less familiar brands.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning can be effective for both older, familiar brands and newer, less familiar brands, as it relies on associating a stimulus with a response, not on the brand's age or familiarity.

Question 5

Rewards increase the probability of repeat purchase.

Accepted Answer

Rewards provide an incentive for customers to return and make a repeat purchase, thereby increasing the probability of repeat business.

Question 6

Research has shown that corrective advertising is typically quite effective at changing consumers' beliefs.

Accepted Answer

Corrective advertising has mixed results in changing consumers' beliefs, as its effectiveness often depends on various factors such as the credibility of the source, the nature of the message, and the audience's pre-existing attitudes and beliefs.

Question 7

In classical conditioning, better results occur when the unconditioned stimulus comes immediately after the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, better results occur when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus (US) and both stimuli overlap slightly. This timing allows the organism to learn the association between the CS and the US more effectively.

Question 8

In an advertisement using classical conditioning, the product represents the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (such as food) until the neutral stimulus alone begins to elicit the same response. In an advertisement, the product is often paired with positive emotions or desirable outcomes to create a similar response, making it the conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

Research has shown that customers who pay by credit card in a restaurant leave smaller tips than those who pay by cash.

Accepted Answer

Research has generally shown that customers who pay by credit card tend to leave larger tips than those who pay by cash, possibly due to psychological factors related to the way people perceive digital transactions versus physical cash handling.

Question 10

The mere presence of credit card symbols causes people to spend more money, even when they pay in cash.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that simply seeing credit card logos or symbols can influence people to spend more money, regardless of whether they actually use a credit card or pay in cash. This phenomenon is known as the "credit card premium."

Question 11

According to operant conditioning, eliminating shipping cost, expediting paperwork, and shortening delivery time are examples of negative reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement refers to the removal of a negative stimulus in response to a desired behavior. In this case, eliminating shipping cost, expediting paperwork, and shortening delivery time are all examples of removing negative stimuli (such as inconvenience or delay) in order to reinforce desired behaviors like prompt payment or repeat business.

Question 12

Learning under operant conditioning is faster under partial reinforcement but more persistent under continuous reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Learning under operant conditioning is faster under continuous reinforcement but more persistent under partial reinforcement.

Question 13

When an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is learned, the conditioned stimulus presented alone will elicit a conditioned response similar to the original unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

This is a basic principle of classical conditioning. Once the association is formed between the CS and US, the CS can elicit a response that is similar to the original UR.

Question 14

"Women who look younger use Oil ofOlay" is an example of a claim that implies more than is actually stated.

Accepted Answer

The claim implies that women who use Oil of Olay will look younger, but it does not explicitly state that using the product will actually make women look younger. It also does not specify how much younger they may look.

Question 15

Without memory, we cannot physically function in society.

Accepted Answer

Memory plays a crucial role in our daily lives, allowing us to remember important information like our name, how to speak, how to walk, and how to perform everyday tasks. Without memory, we would struggle to function in society and complete everyday tasks. Additionally, memory allows us to store and recall social norms, relationships, and cultural practices - all critical components for living in a society.

Question 16

All thinking and reasoning occurs in short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All thinking and reasoning occurs in short-term...

Question 17

As comprehension increases, memory performance decreases.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. There is no clear relationship between comprehension and memory performance. In fact, comprehension can aid in memory retention and recall.

Question 18

"More doctors recommend taking an Aspirin every day" is an example of a comparison omission.

Accepted Answer

This statement implies that more doctors recommend taking an Aspirin every day as compared to some other option, but the comparison is not explicitly stated. It is an example of a comparison omission.

Question 19

Exposing people to a large amount of information is not sufficient to produce learning.

Accepted Answer

Learning involves more than just receiving information. It requires active engagement with the information, such as processing and organizing it, making connections to prior knowledge, and applying it in new contexts. Without these additional steps, exposure to information may not result in meaningful learning.

Question 20

If information in short-term memory is not used, it can be lost in only 18 seconds.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Studies have shown that information stored in short-term memory can be quickly forgotten if not actively rehearsed or transferred to long-term memory. The exact duration may vary depending on the type of information and individual differences, but 18 seconds is a commonly cited estimate.

Quiz 5: Learning and Memory