Question 1

How is hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented?
A) immunizing a woman against Rh factor prior to pregnancy
B) administering anti-IgG antibodies during pregnancy
C) treating with cytokines to prevent B cell activation late in pregnancy
D) administering anti-Rh IgG late in pregnancy and after pregnancy ends
E) treating with glucocorticoids throughout pregnancy

Accepted Answer

Administering anti-Rh IgG late in pregnancy and after pregnancy ends is the standard method for preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn. This therapy prevents the mother's immune system from sensitizing to Rh factor and producing antibodies that could attack future Rh-positive fetuses. Immunizing a woman against Rh factor prior to pregnancy (choice A) can also prevent sensitization, but if she is already sensitized, it will not be effective. Administering anti-IgG antibodies during pregnancy (choice B) and treating with cytokines to prevent B cell activation late in pregnancy (choice C) are not standard prophylactic measures for hemolytic disease of the newborn. Treating with glucocorticoids throughout pregnancy (choice E) may be used in some cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn to reduce fetal inflammation, but it is not a primary preventive measure.

Question 2

Which of the following could result in hemolytic disease of the newborn?
A) Rh-negative mother and Rh-negative father
B) Rh-positive mother and Rh-positive father
C) Rh-positive mother and Rh-negative father
D) Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father
E) either Rh-positive mother and Rh-negative father or Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, inheriting the Rh factor from the Rh-positive father. The mother's immune system will produce antibodies against the Rh factor, leading to destruction of fetal red blood cells and hemolytic disease in the newborn.

Question 3

Which of the following reactions is the result of type IV (delayed)hypersensitivity?
A) runny nose triggered by pollen
B) dermatitis in response to latex gloves
C) sensitivity to pet dander
D) skin irritation after wearing wool
E) breathing difficulties after exposure to mold spores

Accepted Answer

Type IV hypersensitivity is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity, which occurs 48-72 hours after exposure to an offending antigen. Latex gloves are known to cause dermatitis, which is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction characterized by rash, itching, and skin inflammation.

Question 4

An accident victim receives a blood transfusion.Shortly thereafter,he begins to have difficulty breathing,develops a fever,and experiences nausea and vomiting.Which of the following is the most likely interpretation of these events?
A) the blood transfusion was mismatched.
B) the blood transfusion contained pyrogens.
C) the recipient had previously been exposed to foreign blood group antigens.
D) the blood transfusion was mismatched and contained pyrogens.
E) the blood transfusion was mismatched and the recipient had previously been exposed to the foreign blood group antigens.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An accident victim receives a blood transfusion.Shortly...

Question 5

What is the function of the kinins released when mast cells degranulate?
A) activation of the complement system
B) increased vascular permeability
C) smooth muscle contraction
D) increased production of tears and saliva
E) chemotactic factors

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the function of the kinins...

Question 6

Jess has A- blood type,has never received a blood transfusion,and never been pregnant.Antibodies against what blood antigens could be present in Jess' blood?
A) O and Rh antigens
B) B antigens
C) A antigens
D) B and Rh antigens
E) O antigens

Accepted Answer

Since Jess has A- blood type, her body would naturally produce antibodies against B antigens, as these are not present in her own blood type. She would not have antibodies against A antigens (since she has A blood type), O antigens (since O is not an antigen but rather the absence of A and B antigens), or Rh antigens (since she is Rh- and has never been pregnant or received a transfusion, which could introduce Rh+ blood and prompt the production of Rh antibodies).

Question 7

A small amount of antigen is injected under the skin of a patient.After 30 minutes there is no apparent change at the injection site,but 36 hours later the patient reports that the area is red and swollen.This type of response is due to
A) type I hypersensitivity.
B) type II hypersensitivity.
C) type III hypersensitivity.
D) type IV hypersensitivity.
E) immunodeficiency.

Accepted Answer

This delayed response and swelling at the injection site is characteristic of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, also known as delayed hypersensitivity. This type of reaction involves activation of T cells and macrophages, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Type I hypersensitivity reactions, on the other hand, are immediate and involve release of histamine and other mediators by IgE-bound mast cells. Type II and III hypersensitivity reactions both involve antibody-mediated damage, but they typically occur over a shorter time period than type IV reactions. Immunodeficiency would result in a decreased immune response and would not lead to this type of delayed hypersensitivity reaction.

Question 8

Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen?
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Accepted Answer

IgE is the immunoglobulin that is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen. It is responsible for triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators during allergic reactions.

Question 9

If circulating immune complexes are deposited in the glomeruli,the ensuing type III hypersensitivity reaction can result in
A) allergic contact dermatitis.
B) pneumonitis.
C) kidney damage.
D) multiple sclerosis.
E) rheumatoid arthritis.

Accepted Answer

Circulating immune complexes deposited in the glomeruli can cause a type III hypersensitivity reaction that results in inflammation and damage to the kidneys. This can lead to glomerulonephritis, a condition characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, and reduced kidney function. Allergic contact dermatitis is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction that is not related to immune complex deposition in the kidneys. Pneumonitis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis are not typically associated with immune complex deposition in the kidneys.

Question 10

Which of the following statements concerning the Rh factor is CORRECT?
A) The Rh antigen is on white blood cells.
B) Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive.
C) Preexisting antibodies occur in 85% of the population.
D) Rh antibodies are more abundant than the ABO antibodies.
E) Eighty-five percent of the human population is Rh negative.

Accepted Answer

Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive, meaning they have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells. The antigen is not found on white blood cells, and preexisting Rh antibodies occur in only about 15% of the population. While Rh antibodies can be problematic during pregnancy, they are not more abundant than ABO antibodies. Only 15% of the human population is Rh negative.

Question 11

When mast cells degranulate and release histamine,which of the following events may occur?
A) constriction of small blood vessels
B) bronchial spasms
C) increased mucus production
D) both constriction of small blood vessels and bronchial spasms
E) both bronchial spasms and increased mucus production

Accepted Answer

When mast cells degranulate and release histamine, it can lead to bronchial spasms and increased mucus production. Histamine typically causes dilation of small blood vessels, not constriction, which is why the other options are not correct.

Question 12

Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to
A) glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells.
B) MHC molecules on red blood cells.
C) MHC molecules on white blood cells.
D) plasma proteins.
E) foreign antibodies.

Accepted Answer

Transfusion reactions occur when antibodies in the recipient's blood react with the antigens on the surface of the donor's red blood cells. These antigens are glycolipids and glycoproteins, and different people have different combinations of them. If the donor's antigens are recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, an immune response can occur, leading to a transfusion reaction.

Question 13

Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE?
A) eosinophils
B) mast cells
C) monocytes
D) both mast cells and monocytes
E) both eosinophils and mast cells

Accepted Answer

Both eosinophils and mast cells bind the constant region of IgE through the receptor FcεRI. Monocytes do not express FcεRI on their surface.

Question 14

The release of ________ during a type I hypersensitivity reaction contributes to swelling.
A) histamine
B) prostaglandins
C) leukotrienes
D) both histamines and leukotrienes
E) both proteases and prostaglandins

Accepted Answer

Both histamines and leukotrienes are released during a type I hypersensitivity reaction and contribute to swelling. Histamine causes vasodilation and increase in vascular permeability, while leukotrienes attract and activate leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
A) watery eyes after exposure to animals
B) destruction of red blood cells after an incompatible blood transfusion
C) farmer's lung
D) immune complexes accumulation in the kidneys
E) the tuberculin response

Accepted Answer

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate hypersensitivity reactions that involve the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils. This can lead to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis. Watery eyes after exposure to animals is an example of a type I reaction, as it involves a rapid allergic response to an allergen. The other choices (B, C, D, and E) are not examples of type I hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 16

Which of the following is both a hypersensitivity disorder and an autoimmune disorder?
A) anaphylaxis
B) glomerulonephritis
C) graft rejection
D) hemolytic disease of the newborn
E) rheumatoid arthritis

Accepted Answer

Rheumatoid arthritis involves both hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune responses, making it the only choice that fits the criteria. Anaphylaxis is a type of hypersensitivity reaction, but it is not considered an autoimmune disorder. Glomerulonephritis and graft rejection are both hypersensitivity reactions, but they are not considered autoimmune disorders. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an autoimmune disorder, but it is not considered a hypersensitivity reaction.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT considered a hypersensitivity reaction?
A) a rash caused by poison ivy
B) immune system attack on the thyroid gland
C) itchy eyes and a runny nose in a dusty environment
D) dermatitis at the site of a metal watchband
E) breaking into hives after eating strawberries

Accepted Answer

Immune system attack on the thyroid gland is not a hypersensitivity reaction, rather it is an autoimmune disease. The other options all involve an exaggerated immune response to non-threatening substances or environmental factors.

Question 18

Which of the following blood types can be safely transfused into someone with O blood type?
A) A
B) B
C) O
D) A and O
E) A, B, and O

Accepted Answer

Only O blood types can safely receive O blood, as they do not have any A or B antigens that could trigger an immune response. A, B, and AB blood types all have antigens that can react with O blood, potentially causing a dangerous transfusion reaction.

Question 19

An agricultural worker experiences difficulty breathing which becomes progressively worse.Tests show inflammation and damage of the lung tissue,but IgE antibodies and granulocytes are in the normal ranges.With which disorder of the immune system are these signs and symptoms consistent?
A) allergic reaction
B) type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity
C) type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
D) autoimmunity
E) acquired immunodeficiency

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are consistent with type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity, which involves immune complexes that are formed in the circulation and deposited later in vessel walls or extravascular tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage without the involvement of IgE or granulocytes.

Question 20

The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding.
A) neutrophils
B) basophils
C) monocytes
D) lymphocytes
E) mast cells

Accepted Answer

Mast cells are non-leukocyte tissue cells that are involved in allergic responses. They produce and release inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding. Neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes are all types of leukocytes (white blood cells) and are not typically involved in the production of these mediators in response to allergen binding.

Quiz 18: Immune Disorders

How is hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented?

Which of the following could result in hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Which of the following reactions is the result of type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity?

An accident victim receives a blood transfusion.Shortly thereafter,he begins to have difficulty breathing,develops a fever,and experiences nausea and vomiting.Which of the following is the most likely interpretation of these events?

What is the function of the kinins released when mast cells degranulate?

Jess has A- blood type,has never received a blood transfusion,and never been pregnant.Antibodies against what blood antigens could be present in Jess' blood?

A small amount of antigen is injected under the skin of a patient.After 30 minutes there is no apparent change at the injection site,but 36 hours later the patient reports that the area is red and swollen.This type of response is due to

Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen?

If circulating immune complexes are deposited in the glomeruli,the ensuing type III hypersensitivity reaction can result in

Which of the following statements concerning the Rh factor is CORRECT?

When mast cells degranulate and release histamine,which of the following events may occur?

Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to

Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE?

The release of ________ during a type I hypersensitivity reaction contributes to swelling.

Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Which of the following is both a hypersensitivity disorder and an autoimmune disorder?

Which of the following is NOT considered a hypersensitivity reaction?

Which of the following blood types can be safely transfused into someone with O blood type?

An agricultural worker experiences difficulty breathing which becomes progressively worse.Tests show inflammation and damage of the lung tissue,but IgE antibodies and granulocytes are in the normal ranges.With which disorder of the immune system are these signs and symptoms consistent?

The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding.